Gastrointestinal dysfunction

Clinical signs and symptoms of toxicity are related to the overstimulation of muscarinic, nicotinic, and central nervous system receptors in the nervous system. Muscarinic receptors are those activated by the alkaloid drug muscarine. These receptors are under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system, and their hyperactivity results in respiratory and gastrointestinal dysfunction, incontinence, salivation, bradycardia, miosis, and sweating. Nicotinic receptors are those activated by nicotine. Hyperactivity of these receptors results in muscle fasciculations even greater stimulation results in blockade and muscle paralysis (Lefkowitz et al. 1996 Tafliri and Roberts 1987). Hyperactivity of central nervous system receptors results in the frank neurological signs of confusion, ataxia, dizziness, incoordination, and slurred speech, which are manifestations of acute intoxication. Muscarine and nicotine are not... 

The answer is C. The patient s symptoms represent a composite of neurologic and gastrointestinal dysfunction, which are consistent with the anemia that is due to lead poisoning. Testing for lead would be appropriate for the patient, the other members of the household, and the house itself. Inorganic lead produces the microcytic anemia by inhibition of heme synthesis in erythropoietic cells of the bone marrow. All the other options represent enzymes of heme synthesis or degradation, but none of them are affected by lead. 

Free radicals might be involved in the incidences of various diseases such as arthritis, hemorrhagic shock, atherosclerosis, advancing age, ischemia and reperfusion injury of many organs, Alzheimer and Parkinson s disease, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, tumor promotion and carcinogenesis, AIDS, and other human health problems [85]. The oxidative proanthocyanidins as antioxidants could quench the free radicals and might help to enhance the action of other antioxidants such as vitamin C. 

These drugs have low bioavailability, due to the presence of a polar, charged side group. This makes these drugs useful for gastrointestinal dysfunction (e.g., as antiulcer or antispasmodic agents). 

By far the most common health-related complaint made by shiftworkers is disrupted appetite and digestion. It should perhaps come as no surprise that appetite is closely linked to circadian rhythm, thus disrupting one is likely to disrupt the other. Monk and Folkard (1992) stated Expert opinion is virtually unanimous in asserting that, apart from the sleep disorders, ulcers and other forms of gastrointestinal dysfunction are the most likely health consequences of shiftwork (p. 36). Healthy eating education and the availability of healthy meal choices are often recommended as a two pronged approach to dealing with this problem. 

Treatment of the thoracic spine is directed at reducing sympathetic outflow to the small and especially the large intestines. Chapman s reflexes are typically found in cases of gastrointestinal dysfunction. 

Some of them are useful in the treatment of psychotic disorders, anxiety, pain, gastrointestinal dysfunction associated with dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, reflex esophagitis, flatulence (SO). Cyclindole (206) and flucindole (207) are neuroleptic agents (77,123). Cyclindole shows antidepressant activity while flucindole shows antipsychotic activity. 

Sv Severe (LDsol Gastrointestinal dysfunction likely Severe... 

---