Gasoline high octane, conversion

These are effective high-octane gasoline additive oxygenates. The conversion of isobutane into isopropyl, methyl ketone, or isopentane into isobutyl, methyl ketone is illustrative. In this reaction, no branched carboxylic acids (Koch products) are formed. 

Sasol Fischer-Tropsch Process. 1-Propanol is one of the products from Sasol s Fischer-Tropsch process (7). Coal (qv) is gasified ia Lurgi reactors to produce synthesis gas (H2/CO). After separation from gas Hquids and purification, the synthesis gas is fed iato the Sasol Synthol plant where it is entrained with a powdered iron-based catalyst within the fluid-bed reactors. The exothermic Fischer-Tropsch reaction produces a mixture of hydrocarbons (qv) and oxygenates. The condensation products from the process consist of hydrocarbon Hquids and an aqueous stream that contains a mixture of ketones (qv) and alcohols. The ketones and alcohols are recovered and most of the alcohols are used for the blending of high octane gasoline. Some of the alcohol streams are further purified by distillation to yield pure 1-propanol and ethanol ia a multiunit plant, which has a total capacity of 25,000-30,000 t/yr (see Coal conversion processes, gasification). 

To obtain light ends conversion, alkylation and polymerization are used to increase the relative amounts of liquid fuel products manufactured. Alkylation converts olefins, (propylene, butylenes, amylenes, etc.), into high octane gasoline by reacting them with isobutane. Polymerization involves reaction of propylene and/or butylenes to produce an unsamrated hydrocarbon mixture in the motor gasoline boiling range. 

On sulfided metallic phases the hydrotreatment reactions also takes place. Noble metal catalysts usually include a zeolitic support. They are particularly used for fulfilling two different objectives, in the case of a gasoline oriented HCK their cracking and isomerization activity is the most important (increasing high octane and conversion yield). In a diesel HCK unit, the noble metal catalyst is mainly oriented to aromatic saturation and cetane improvement. However, in this latter case, also sulfided metal catalysts are used, especially NiW. 

The hydroisomerization of linear alkanes nowadays is among the most demanded technologies for transformation of naphtha into high octane gasoline. However, while the processes for hydroisomerization of C4 and C5 - C6 cuts are well established (PENEX, ISOTEX, TIP, HYSOMER, ISOFIN, SKIP, PAR-ISOM), there is no suitable technology for the conversion of longer alkanes (C7 - C8 cuts). 

RCC [Reduced crude oil conversion] A process for converting reduced crude oil (a petroleum fraction), and other petroleum residues, into high-octane gasoline and other lighter fuels. Based on the FCC process, but adapted to accommodate higher levels of metal contaminants which can harm the catalyst. Developed by Ashland Oil Company and UOP and... 

Zandona, 0. J. Busch, L. E. Hettinger, W. P., Jr. "Reduced Crude Conversion - An Inexpensive Route to High Octane Gasoline", 1982 NPRA Annual Meeting, 1982. 

Kam, A. Y. and Lee, W. Final Report "Fluid Bed Process Studies on Selective Conversion of Methanol to High Octane Gasoline",... 

The propylene-butylene fraction constitutes a large part of the useful hydrocarbons produced by synthesis. It differs from similar fractions derived from petroleum refining in its high olefin (over 80%) and low isobutylene content, but this is no handicap in converting it to high octane gasoline by polymerization or by alkylation, if isobutane is available from another source. Polymerization is effected readily over a phosphoric acid on quartz catalyst with high conversion of propylene as well as butylene. The polymer... 

The future demand for high octane gasoline production by catalytic reforming requires extensive conversion of paraffins to aromatics. It is... 

The main objective in FCC catalyst design is to prepare cracking catalyst compositions which are active and selective for the conversion of gas-oil into high octane gasoline fraction. From the point of view of the zeolitic component, most of the present advances in octane enhancement have been achieved by introducing low unit cell size ultrastable zeolites (1) and by inclusion of about 1-2 of ZSM-5 zeolite in the final catalyst formulation (2). With these formulations, it is possible to increase the Research Octane Number (RON) of the gasoline, while only a minor increase in the Motor Octane Number (MON) has been obtained. Other materials such as mixed oxides and PILCS (3,4) have been studied as possible components, but there are selectivity limitations which must be overcome. 

Most processes for separating individual species from petroleum involve use of refined engineering methods, with distillation and selective adsorption the most important. Once separated, however, most materials then undergo chemical conversion into more desirable products. Alkylation involving propene and butenes yields C6 to C8 hydrocarbons for high-octane gasoline. Propylene becomes polypropylene, propylamine, or propylene glycol and ethers. 

Inui, T. Selective conversion of light olefins to high octane-number gasoline on novel Fe-silicate catalysts. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., 1987, 35, 227-236. 

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