Gas chromatography chemical ionisation

M. H. Mach, A. Pallos, and P. F. Jones, Feasibility of Gunshot Residue Detection via Its Organic Constituents. Part 1. Analysis of Smokeless Powders by Combined Gas Chromatography-Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences 23, no. 3 (1978) 433. 

Vine, J. (1980). Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by high resolution gas chromatography— chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 196, 415-424. 

Bailey, E., Fanner, P, B., Lamb, J. H. (1980). The enantiomer as internal standard for the quantitation of the alkylated amino acid S-methyl-L-cysteine in haemoglobin by gas chromatography-chemical ionisation mass spectrometry with single ion detection. J. Chromat. 200, 145-152. 

Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, InfraRed (IR) absorption, Gas Chromatography / Electron Ionisation - Mass Spectometry (GC/EI-MS) and by Gas Chromatography / Chemical Ionisation - Mass Spectrometry (GC/CI-MS)(see below for fiirther details of the analyses). 

M.P. Colombini, F. Modugno, E. Ribechini, Chemical study of triterpenoid resinous materials in archaeological findings by means of direct exposure electron ionisation mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 20, 1787 1800 (2006). 

M. Kala, M. Kochanowski. The Determination of A9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9THC) and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-A9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in Blood and Urine Using Gas Chromatography Negative Ion Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS-NCI), Chemical Analysis (Warsaw), 51, 2006. 

NMR) [24], and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [25] are commonly applied methods. Analysis using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques has been achieved with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with chemical ionisation (Cl) often more informative than conventional electron impact (El) ionisation [26]. For the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of silicone polyether copolymers in particular, SEC, NMR, and FT-IR have also been demonstrated as useful and informative methods [22] and the application of high-temperature GC and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is also described [5]. 

Structure elucidation of semiochemicals by modern NMR-techniques (including HPLC/NMR) is often hampered by the very small amounts of available material and problems in the isolation of pure compounds from the complex mixtures they are embedded in. Thus, the combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, GC/MS, is frequently the method of choice. Determination of the molecular mass of the target compound (by chemical ionisation) and its atomic composition (by high resolution mass spectrometry) as well as a careful use of MS-Ubraries (mass spectra of beetle pheromones and their fragmentation pattern have been described [27]) and gas chromatographic retention indices will certainly facihtate the identification procedure. In addition, the combination of gas chromatography with Fourier-transform infrared spec-... 

Gas Chromatography Coupled with Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry 619... 

Derivatised GA and Cr are measured by GC-MS by the injection of 1 pi into the GC-MS system operating in the negative chemical ionisation mode. The injection temperature is 250°C, the transfer line temperature is 260°C and the oven temperature is programmed starting at 100°C for 1 min followed by a linear ramp of 5°C/min to 260°C. A mixture of 95% methane, 5% ammonia is used as reagent gas. A polar GC column (e.g. SGE, BPX-70) is used to allow proper chromatography, which is neces-... 

Mizuishi, K., Takeuchi, M. and Hobo, T. (1998) Trace metal analysis of tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds in seawater by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry./. Chromatogr. A, 800, 267-273. 

Galwey, A. K. Application of the radioactive ionisation detector to the determination of permanent gases by gas chromatography and some uses in studies of chemical kinetics. Talanta 9, 1043(1962). 

Stephanou [38] identified non ionic surfactants in non saline water by gas chromatography coupled with chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Tertiary octylphenol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylates were qualitatively detected using their chemical ionisation mass spectra and the results used to compare the chemical ionisation and electron impact mass spectrometry techniques. 

Zimmermann S, Krippner P, Muller J (2002) Miniaturized flame ionisation detector for gas chromatography. Sensors and Actuators B Chemical 83(l-3) 285-289... 

Gambert, P., Lallemant, C., Archambault, A., Maume, B. F., and Padieu, P. (1979). Assessment of serum cholesterol by two methods gas liquid chromatography on capillary columns and chemical ionisation mass fragmentography with isotope dilution of 3,4-13C-cholesterol as internal standard. J. Chromatogr. 162, 1-6. 

Stan, H. J., and Scheutwinkel-Reich, M. (1980). Detection of hydroxy fatty acids in biological samples using capillary gas chromatography in combination with positive and negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Lipids 15, 1044-1050. 

R.M. Black and R.W. Read, Detection of trace levels of thiodiglycol in blood, plasma and urine using gas chromatography-electron capture negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 449, 261-270 (1988). 

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrom-etry is the best method to identify a wide range of synthetic corticosteroids in horse urine (E. Houghton et at, Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 1982, 9, 459-465). Method. Extract 10 ml of urine with 25 ml of methylene chloride, separate the solvent layer, dry over anhydrous sodium sulphate, and evaporate to dryness in a rotary film evaporator at 30° to 40°. Heat the residue with 100 p.1 of an 8% solution of methoxyamine hychochloride in dry pyridine in a reaction tube at 80° for 30 minutes, add 50 pi of trimeOiylsilylimidazole, [Pg.98]

Kasprzak, K., Adamowicz, P., Kata, M. Determination of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionisation (PCI GC MS). Probl. Forensic Sci. 67, 289-300 (2006)... 

Xiao, X.-Y. McCaUey, D.V. McEvoy, J. Analysis of estrogen in river water and effluents using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzyl derivatives. J. Chromatogr., A 2001, 923, 195-204. 

Rather limited use has been made of mass spectrometry in the study of organotin compounds,23-24 though MS linked to gas-liquid chromatography is now being used for the identification of organotin compounds, particularly in environmental studies. Most of the early work involved electron ionisation (El), but in recent years, other techniques such as chemical ionisation (Cl),25 fast atom bombardment (FAB),26, 27 field desorption,28 surface ionisation,29 and, particularly, electrospray (ES),30 31 have been used. 

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