Gas as fuel

In 1982, Texaco started up a 900 t/d gasifier at Southern California Edison s Cool Water faciUty. This was the first coal gasification plant to operate in an electric utihty environment, providing coal gas as fuel to a GE-frame 7E combustion turbine. The Cool Water gasification plant operated for over... 

Reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by use of natural gas as fuel, use low-NO, burners, and use hydrogen peroxide and urea in stainless steel pickling baths. 

CSC), with premixed natural gas as fuel by Paul Strykowski at the University of Minnesota. The CSC s emission characteristics indicate typical range of NOj concentrations at 10 ppm with 3% O2. This concept could lead to compact combustor designs with increased residence time and reduced heat losses (Chapter 17). 

Fig. 3.5 Principle of fuel cell using Hj gas as fuel. The cell reaction is + JOj - H2O.

Smaller fuel cells (<20 kW, but more typically <5 kW) are being developed for residential applications, particularly in Japan and Europe. These fuel cells use natural gas as fuel (therefore they are equipped with a reformer). Most often they also enable capture and utilization of waste heat and use it for space and/or hot water heating in combination with a natural gas boiler, resulting in high overall efficiency. 

The gas remaining after oil recovery, called pyrolytic gas, or pyro-gas, is typically composed of paraffins and olefins with carbon numbers from one to five. Depending on the process, the heat value of the gas can range from 170 to 2,375 Btu per cubic foot, and averages 835 Btu per cubic foot.4 (Natural gas averages around 1000 Btu per cubic foot.) Most processes use the pyrolytic gas as fuel to heat the reactor. Any surplus gas can be flared or used to replace natural gas as boiler fuel. Emissions from burning... 

The SMR process is used to produce a hydrogen methane mixture from natural gas as fuel decreasing energy and material costs for HMM production as compared with traditional methods. 

Using fossil fuels in solid oxide fuel cells, it is possible in cars to reform the fuels to hydrogen within the device. CO2 will be a side product, unlikely to be collectable as in stationary installations. What are the implications for greenhouse gas emissions For natural gas as fuels, what is the global gas re-... 

In contrast to LC detectors, GC detectors often require a specific gas, either as a reactant gas or as fuel (such as hydrogen gas as fuel for flame ionization). Most GC detectors work best when the total gas flow rate through the detector is 20-40 mL/min. Because packed columns deliver 20-40 mL/min of carrier gas, this requirement is easily met. Capillary columns deliver 0.5-10 mL/min thus, the total flow rate of gas is too low for optimum detector performance. In order to overcome the problem when using capillary columns, an appropriate makeup gas should be supplied at the detector. Some detectors use the reactant gas as the makeup gas, thus eliminating the need for two gases. The type and flow rate of the detector gases are dependent on the detector and can be different even for the same type of detector from different manufacturers. It is often necessary to refer the specific instrument manuals for details to obtain the information on the proper selection of gases and flow rates. All detectors are heated, primarily to keep the... 

So far, most of the attention has been paid to reducing the NOx emissions from flue gases emanating from burners and boilers which use coal, oil and natural gas as fuel. Municipal waste incinerators are usually located within the big city areas and as such, special measures are expected to be taken in order to reduce their various emissions. 

Reagents Air is used as oxidant and hydrogen, obtained by reforming of hydrocarbons such as natural gas, as fuel. 

Cruz, I. E. "Producer Gas as Fuel for The Diesel Engine", U. P Industrial Research Center Report, 1977 (July), (21 pages mimeographed report). 

It is not only just the environmental regulations that are driving the initiatives to find alternative fuel for automobiles, but also the utilities companies which plan to diversify into the natural gas fuel industry. Considerable efforts are being expended for the development of natural gas as fuel which can be seen from the growing number of government and industry fleet vehicles. It has been a practice to use liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel. However, efforts are now underway to use the compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel. 

Oil and gas have been known since antiquity because petroleum products were found naturally on the earth s surface. There are several references in the Bible related to asphalt and bitumen. Romans used oil for lighting and heating the thermae of Constantinople. Persians and American Indians for the extraction of petroleum, used blankets that were soaked in shallow pools of water and oil and then squeezed. In China and Japan, even before the Christian era, extraction was carried out with artificial wells lined with wood or masonry. Transport was carried out with buckets, but it seems that already in 250 BC, the Chinese used flammable gas as fuel, transported with bamboo poles, making them the first pipelines. In the same period, on the shores of Lake Titicaca, it seems that the Incas distilled oil in large earthen pots heated by the sunlight. In 1859, Drake began the modem age of oil extraction wells by using cast iron pipes [1-3]. 

Figure 5.9 Solid oxide fuel cells schematic (a) oxygen ion conducting electrolyte (b) proton conducting electrolyte, both with gas as fuel...

The furnace is of conventional Ausmelt design approximately 4 metres internal diameter and 10 metres high, with external water cooling on the shell, roof and offtake. The furnace uses natural gas as fuel and the Ausmelt lances are oxygen enriched to approximately 40% to optimise process efficiency. 

Internal combustion (IC) engines for motor vehicles are of two kinds spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (diesel). The SI engines use gasoline, alcohol, or compressed natural gas fluids (propane) or compressed natural gas as fuel introduce the fuel to the cylinder by carburation or injection and use a spark plug for ignition. Diesel en-... 

Usually after the carbon black synthesis a cooling step is apphed to stop the growth of the particles. Various types of oils are used as raw materials in the different industrial processes. Some processes apply natural gas as fuel to produce the required energy for the cracking reaction. The carbon black types, which are produced based on the particle combustion technology, are lamp black, furnace black, the Super /ENS ACO products, and the carbon black produced as by-products of the shell gasification process. ... 

In a steam power generation plant, the boiler uses natural gas as fuel, which enters the boiler with an exergy rate of 110 MW. The steam exits the boiler at 6000 kPa and 673.15 K and exhausts from the turbine at 700 kPa and 433.15 K. The mass flow rate of steam is 20.2 kg/s. The unit cost of the fuel is 0.016/kWh of exergy, and the specific cost of electricity is 0.05/kWh. The fixed capital and... 

On-site use is always the simpler choice, and using the gas as fuel for a boiler or furnace is the simplest of all, but financially the least rewarding. Application as a fuel, therefore, is often only as a supplement or a backup when the other outlets fail. 

In contrast to LC detectors, GC detectors often require a specific gas, either as a reactant gas or as fuel (such as hydrogen gas as fuel for flame ionization). Most GC detectors work best when the total gas flow rate through the detector is 20-40 ml/min. Because packed columns dehver 20-40 ml/min of carrier gas, this requirement is easily met Capillary columns dehver 0.5-10 ml/min ... 

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