Gallbladder tumors

Scattered endocrine cells may be identified in most gallbladder tumors including adenomas and carcinomas, and a spectrum of endocrine differentiation may be encountered in other gallbladder neoplasia however, if a tumor is predominantiy composed of cells with endocrine lineage, it is classified as endocrine. ... 

Warning associated with the administration of estrogen include an increased risk of endometrial cancer, gallbladder disease, hypertension, hepatic adenoma (a benign tumor of the liver), cardiovascular disease, increased risk of thromboembolic disease and hypercalcemia in those with breast cancer and bone metastases. 

Cholecystokinin CCKa (CCKj) Human cDNA Anorexia, gastrointestinal disorders, pancreatitis, satiety, diabetes, obesity, nociception, schizophrenia, Parkinson s disease, addiction, cancer Pancreatic enzyme secretion, potentiation of opiate analgesia, gallbladder contraction, gut motility, growth promoting effects on some tumors, dopamine release... 

High doses of dioxane by oral administration produced malignant tumors of the nasal cavity and liver in rats, and mmors of the liver and gallbladder in guinea pigs." Rats administered either 0.5% or 1.0% (vol/vol) in the drinking water had squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal turbinates hepatocellular adenomas were seen in the dosed females." In another study, inhalation of 111 ppm, 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 2 years did not result in any increased tumor incidence in rats. ... 

Additionally, ultrasound may show a thickened gallbladder wall or tumor extension into the liver. However, CT scans are more helpful in assessing adenopathy and the spread of disease into the liver, porta hepatis, or adjacent structures. ERCP or transhepatic cholangiography (THC) may be useful in the presence of obstruction to localize primary tumor. 

Tumor invades the subepithelial connective tissue Tumor invades the fibromuscular layer Tumor invades the perifibromuscular connective tissue Tumor invades adjacent structures liver, pancreas, duodenum, gallbladder, colon, stomach... 

Erythrocytes from man, toadfish, birds, and sheep Ca++-depleted Ehrlich ascites tumor cells Necturus gallbladder... 

Greater celandine was traditionally used to improve eyesight and in modem times has been used as a mild sedative, and antispasmodic in the treatment of bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, jaundice, gallstones, and gallbladder pain. The latex is used topically to treat warts, ringworm, and corns. A semisynthetic thiophosphate derivative of alkaloids from C. majus, called Ukrain, has cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on tumor cells (1). 

Deschl, U., Cattley, R. C., Harada, T., Kiittler, K., Hailey, J. R., Hartig, R, Leblanc, B., Marsman, D. S., and Shirai, T. (2001). Liver, gallbladder, and exocrine pancreas. In International Classification of Rodent Tumors The Mouse, Mohr, U., ed.. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 59-86. 

Other rare tumors sometimes negative for DPC4 ampul-lary and gallbladder carcinoma... 

Molecular alterations of gallbladder adenomas are fairly different than those observed in the conventional dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Mutations of the p53 gene are virtually nonexistent in gallbladder adenomas and only rarely detected in EHBD tumors. In contrast, p53 abnormalities are quite common in flat dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. Similarly, mutation of the KRAS oncogene is detected in only 25% of gallbladder adenomas. In contrast, mutations of the -catenin gene, which are uncommon in invasive biliary carcinomas, have been detected in 60% of adenomas, mostly the pyloric gland type, and less commonly the papillary or intestinal typesA ... 

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