G. americanus

One of the several alkaloids from Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. (Hemandiaceae) is gyroamericine (479), C37H40N206, mp 210°C (MeOH), [a]D -238° (c 1, CHC13). Diazomethane methylation furnished (—)-phaeanthine (184), the principal alkaloid of G. americanus. Placement of the lone OH group was by NMR data (tabulated for this and related alkaloids) (558). 

Also from Gyrocarpus americanus, gyrocarpusine (481), C37H40N206, amorphous, has [a]D +66° (c 1, CHC13) and is isomeric in O-methylation pattern to the known alkaloid limacusine (105). O-Methylation of 481 with CH2N2 yielded (+)-0-meth-yllimacusine (482), also isolated from G. americanus. Placement of the hydroxy function was by NMR comparisons (558). 

Domesticine I 1.8 G. americanus Jacq. Stem bark Samoa 3... 

Gyrocarpine IIIc IIIc.l G. americanus Jacq. Leaf Not stated 33 ... 

Pritchard, D.I., Quinnell, R.J., Slater, A.F.G., McKean, P.G., Dale, D.D.S., Raiko, A. and Keymer, A. (1990) Epidemiology and immunology of Necator americanus infection in a community in Papua New Guinea humoral responses to excretory-secretory and cuticular collagen antigens. Parasitology 100, 317-326. 

Payne, J.F., J. Kiceniuk, L.L. Fancey, U. Williams, G.L. Fletcher, A. Rahimtula, and B. Fowler. 1988. What is a safe level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for fish subchronic toxicity study on winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45 1983-1993. 

Sirota, G.R., J.F. Uthe, A. Sreedhiran, R. Matheson, C.J. Musial, and K. Hamilton. 1983. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in lobster (Homarus americanus) and sediments in the vicinity of a coking facility. Pages 1123-1136 in M. Cooke and N.J. Dennis (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Formation, Metabolism and Measurement. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Lee, G.-H., Suriyaphan, O., and Cadwallader, K.R. 2001. Aroma components of cooked tail meat of American lobster (Homarus americanus). J. Agric. Food Chem. 49 4324-4332. 

Fletcher, G.L., C.L. Hew, X. Li, K. Haya, and M.H. Kao (1985). Year-round presence of high levels of plasma antifreeze proteins in a temperate fish, ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus). Can. J. Zool. 63 488-493. 

Gong, A., K.V. Ewart, Z. Flu, G.L. Fletcher, and C.L. Flew (1996). Skin antifreeze protein genes of the winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, encode distinct and active polypeptides without the secretory signal and prosequences. J. Biol. Chem. 271 4106 1112. 

Hew, C.L., N.C. Wang, S. Joshi, G.L. Fletcher, G.K. Scott, P.H. Hayes, B. Buettner, and P.L. Davies (1988). Multiple genes provide the basis for antifreeze protein diversity and dosage in the ocean pout, Macrozoarces americanus. J. Biol. Chem. 263 12049-12055. 

Pereira, J. J., R. Mercaldo-Allen, C. Kuropat, D. Luedke, and G. Sennefelder. 1993. Effect of cadmium accumulation of serum vitellogenin levels and hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices of winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 427-431. 

Lake et al. [51] first reported the occurrence of PCDE residues in biota, when they measured PCDEs in mussels Mytilus edulis), clams (Mercen-aria mercenaria), and lobster (Homarus americanus) from Narrangesett Bay, Rhode Island. A triCDE was detected between 3.6 ng g1 and 125 ng g-1 and a tetraCDE between 24 ng g 1 and 416 ng g 1 dw in mussels. The sampling sites were from parts of the bay which was a disposal site for municipal and industrial wastes. 

The laboratory of C. L. Hew has more recently described the composition and structure (C. L. Hew, personal communication), the physical properties (Ananthanarayanan and Hew, 1977a), and the biosynthesis (Hew and Yip, 1976) of the antifreeze protein from P. americanus. Molecular exclusion through Sephadex G-75 was used to identify the numbers and sizes of the antifreeze proteins in the... 

Capuzzo, J.M., B.A. Lancaster and G.C. Sasaki. The effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on lipid metabolism and energetics of larval development and metamorphosis in the American lobster (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards). Mar. Environ. Res. 14 201—228, 1984. 

This is an effective drug for the treatment of hookworm infections in humans. The drug possesses better activity against A. duodenale than against N. americanus. The drug is administered orally at a dose of 5 g (2.5g base)/adult and 2.5g (1.25g base)/child [12,23,34,89]. Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate has been used in individual and community treatment of ancylostomiasis with high success however, it was not possible to eradicate the infection completely [90-92]. 

Pyrantel pamoate is an alternative to mebendazole in the treatment of ascariasis and enterobiasis. High cure rates have been achieved after a single oral dose of 11 mg/kg (maximum of 1 g). Pyrantel also is effective against hookworm infections caused by A. duodenale and N. americanus, although repeated doses are needed to cure heavy infections with the latter organism. The drug is combined with oxantel for mixed infections with T. trichiura. For pinworm, treatment should be repeated after an interval of 2 weeks. In the U.S., pyrantel is sold over-the-counter for pinworm treatment (PiN-x). 

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