Ocean pout

Fletcher, G.L., C.L. Hew, X. Li, K. Haya, and M.H. Kao (1985). Year-round presence of high levels of plasma antifreeze proteins in a temperate fish, ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus). Can. J. Zool. 63 488-493. 

Hew, C.L., N.C. Wang, S. Joshi, G.L. Fletcher, G.K. Scott, P.H. Hayes, B. Buettner, and P.L. Davies (1988). Multiple genes provide the basis for antifreeze protein diversity and dosage in the ocean pout, Macrozoarces americanus. J. Biol. Chem. 263 12049-12055. 

Salmon. To ensure that the gene remains active all year round, scientists added a switch from the ocean pout to the Atlantic salmon. This genetically engineered fish reduces the production cost of sahnon. AquaBounty Technologies, which developed the AquAdvanb e salmon applied to the FDA for permission to market the fish. In September, 2010, the FDA concluded that the fish was safe to eat but felt that more scientific research was needed, particularly on the possible environmental impact of the modified salmon. 

Figure 9. Ribbon representation of the ocean eel pout Type III antifreeze protein. The N-face is parallel to the figure caption, the C-face is at the 1 o clock position, and the two-strand region is at the 10 o clock position.

We next applied the implicit solvent simulation method to study the stability of a globular protein from ocean eel pout. Table 3 summarizes the parameters use in both an explicit water simulation and an implicit water simulation. 

Figure 18. Summary of the analyses comparing the explicit solvent with the implicit solvent simulations on the Type III antifreeze protein, ocean eel pout. The top left graph compares the potential energy as a function of simulation time for the two simulations. The top right graph compares the RMS deviation of the antifreeze protein structure as a function of time. The bottom graph is a plot of the radius of gyration versus simulation time for the two simulations.

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