Protein antifreeze

Protective and exploitive proteins Immunoglobulins Thrombin Eibrinogen Antifreeze proteins Snake and bee venom proteins Diphtheria toxin Rtcin... 

Case 2 An experimental density map for recombinant type III antifreeze protein from eel pout (AFP), which contains 66 residues and in its crystalline form is a member of the P212121 space group [20]. 

The winter flounder antifreeze protein (AFP), characterized by Sicheri and Yang [42], consists of 37 residues of eight amino acids in an a-helix configuration. The AFP protein was synthesized by the conjoining of the Aa residues determined in the glycine mold, with the exception of the two residues at each of the termini, FIOOC-Asp Thr and Ala Arg-NP and the synthesized protein fragment is left with open amidic surfaces on the... 

Fig. 7.6 The 33-residue fragment of the winter flounder antifreeze protein (AFP), constructed by the conjoining of the Aa amino acid residues defined within the glycine mold , pictured in terms of its 0.001 au isodensity envelope, its van der Waals envelope. This is a view showing the ice-binding motif. It is believed that the AFP strand binds... 

Winter rye in leaves, crowns, roots Immunolocalization of antifreeze proteins Antikainen et al. (4)... 

Antikainen M, Griffith M, Zhang J, Hon WC, Yang DSC, Pihakashi-Maunsbach K. Immunolocalization of antifreeze proteins in winter rye leaves, crowns, and roots by tissue printing. Plant Physiol 1996 110 845-857. 

Antifreeze protein Tenebrio molitor 1EZG 1.4 Liou... 

Insect antifreeze protein flat /8-solenoid with T-type cross section ... 

The repeat sequences in solenoid proteins are often so imperfect that it is difficult to identify them without knowledge of the 3D structure or other supplementary information. In highly regular /1-solenoids, such as antifreeze proteins (Leinala et al., 2002 Liou et al., 2000) or YadA adhesin (Nummelin et al., 2004), the repeats are of the same length and sequence similarity between the repeats is discernible (so-called overt repeats). Frequently, however, the repeats in a given /1-solenoid vary in length because additional residues may be inserted at turn sites without disrupting the pattern of /1-strands that stabilizes the structure (Steinbacher et al., 1994 Yoder et al., 1993). In these cases, the structural repeats are not apparent as sequence repeats (covert repeats). 

Leinala, E. K., Davies, P. L., Doucet, D., Tyshenko, M. G., Walker, V. K., andjia, Z. (2002). A beta-helical antifreeze protein isoform with increased activity. Structural and functional insights./. Biol. Chem. 277, 33349-33352. 

Antifreeze Protein from Fish Bloods Robert E. Feekney and Yin Yeh... 

Zeng, H. Wilson, L.D. Walker, V.K. Ripmeester, J.A. (2003). The inhibition of tetrahydrofuran clathrate-hydrate formation with antifreeze protein. Can. J. Phys., 81 (1-2), 17-24. 

Zeng, H. Moudrakovski, I.L. Ripmeester, J.A. Walker, V.K. (2006b). Effect of antifreeze protein on nucleation, growth and memory of gas hydrates. AlChE J., 52... 

Disulfide Connectivities of Antifreeze Protein 1 (4) from Dendroides canadensis 59 ... 

Fish living in Arctic and Antarctic waters may encounter temperatures as low as -1.9°C. The freezing point depression provided by dissolved salts and proteins in the blood is insufficient to protect the fish from freezing. As winter approaches, they synthesize and accumulate in their blood serum a series of eight or more special antifreeze proteins.a d One type of antifreeze glycoprotein from winter flounder contains the following unit repeated 17-50 times. 

Antifreeze proteins, that are 3-4 times as effective as those in fish, have been isolated from some insects and other arthropods.1 11 0 They help beetle larvae to overwinter. The insect proteins have a parallel P helix structure resembling that in Fig. 2-17 and stabilized by S — S bridges.0 Some plants also synthesize antifreeze proteins.11 1 One of these, isolated from carrots, is a member of the leucine-rich-repeat family ... 

Having an effect opposite to that of the antifreeze proteins are surface proteins of some bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Erwinia, and Xanthomonas. These proteins provide nuclei for growth of ice crystals from supercooled water.V/W... 

For example, normal urine is supersaturated with calcium oxalate. To prevent formation of renal calculi (stones)719 an inhibitory glycoprotein is present and slows the formation and growth of crystals.720 Under some disease conditions calcium carbonate stones may form in pancreatic ducts. A17 kDa lectinlike glycoprotein called lithostatine has been proposed to inhibit stone formation by binding to certain planes on CaC03 microcrystals just as antifreeze proteins (Box 4-D) inhibit ice formation.721 However, this proposed function for lithostatine is doubtful.722 723 Pathological deposits of crystalline calcium pyrophosphate and basic calcium phosphates are sometimes present in joints,724 even in Neanderthal skeletons.725... 

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