Reductions fungal

The reactions shown here illustrate the versatility of yeast, bacterial, and fungal reductions. In all these cases, screening studies were usually conducted first followed by refinement of the bioreduction using the best microorganism. Other examples where reductions are used to produce pharmaceutical intermediates can be found in a review by Patel.107... 

The mechanistic aspect of the fungal reduction of metal ions led by colloidal suspension is still an open question. However, in the fungal case, this process occurs probably either by reductase action or by electron shuttle quinines, or both. To elucidate the mechanism of nanoparticles formation, a novel fungal/enzyme-based in vitro approach was for the first time explained by Mukherjee et al. (2002). They successfully used species-specific NADH-dependent reductase, released by the F. oxysporum, to carry out the reduction of AuClJ ions to gold nanoparticles. Duran et al. (2005) later reported that the reduction of the metal ions occnrs by a nitrate-dependent reductase and a shuttle quinone extracellular process. The same... 

There are hundreds of topical steroid preparations that are available for the treatment of skin diseases. In addition to their aforementioned antiinflammatory effects, topical steroids also exert their effects by vasoconstriction of the capillaries in the superficial dermis and by reduction of cellular mitosis and cell proliferation especially in the basal cell layer of the skin. In addition to the aforementioned systemic side effects, topical steroids can have adverse local effects. Chronic treatment with topical corticosteroids may increase the risk of bacterial and fungal infections. A combination steroid and antibacterial agent can be used to combat this problem. Additional local side effects that can be caused by extended use of topical steroids are epidermal atrophy, acne, glaucoma and cataracts (thus the weakest concentrations should be used in and around the eyes), pigmentation problems, hypertrichosis, allergic contact dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum (251). 

Daub, M. E., Leisman, G. B., Clark, R. A., and Bowden, E. F. (1992). Reductive detoxification as a mechanism of fungal resistance to singlet oxygen-generating photosensitizers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 9588-9592. 

Cost of the enzyme production in solid substrate was estimated to be US 180 for 10 million units of crude pectinase. This price included the production of fungal spore inoculum. This production of pectinases from Rhizopus sp. 26R using agricultural wastes as solid substrates was one of the way to utilize agricultural wastes to value-added products and the cost of the enzyme production was very reductive. 

A cardinal issne is the species of the metal or metalloid that is examined. Metals snch as mercury or tin are methylated from cationic Hg + or Sn", whereas the metalloids are transformed from the oxyanions of As, Sb, Se, or Te. The classical Challenger mechanism that involves seqnential reductions and methylations is well established, at least for fungal methylation of the oxyanions of As (Bentley and Chasteen 2002), and Se—and is assumed to be—for Te (Chasteen and Bentley 2003). Methylation may take place under aerobic conditions for fungi or anaerobic conditions for bacteria. 

Fungal cutinases show no free SH groups but have 4 Cys residues, indicating that they are in disulfide linkage [119]. The reaction of the native enzyme with DTE was extremely slow but in the presence of SDS at its CMC rapid reduction could be observed [102]. Reduction of the disulfide bridge resulted in irreversible inactivation of the enzyme and the protein tended to become insoluble. CD spectra of cutinase in the 205-230 nm region, before and after DTE reduc-... 

Fungal laccases (benzenediokoxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) belong to the multicopper blue phenoloxidases. They comprise glycosylated proteins expressed in multiple forms and variable molecular weight, ranging from 59 to 110 kDa. Laccase is expressed as multiple constitutive and induced isoenzymes [30, 64]. The enzyme contains four copper atoms (Cu), in different states of oxidation (I, II, III) [65], which play an important role in the catalytic mechanism. Laccase oxidizes different compounds while reducing O2 to H20, a total reduction of four electrons. 

The fungal treatment with T. versicolor resulted in an important reduction in the concentration of UV-F. 4DHB and BP3 were completely removed, while the... 

As the mere disappearance of the parent pollutants cannot be considered as complete degradation and in some opportunities degradation-intermediates can be even more toxic than their parent compounds, a global estimation of toxicity was necessary to determine the reduction of toxic potential in the fungal-treated sludge. The standardized tests of acute immobilization of Daphnia magna and bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri were accordingly applied. 

---