Functional biomolecule

In this chapter we describe the basic principles involved in the controlled production and modification of two-dimensional protein crystals. These are synthesized in nature as the outermost cell surface layer (S-layer) of prokaryotic organisms and have been successfully applied as basic building blocks in a biomolecular construction kit. Most importantly, the constituent subunits of the S-layer lattices have the capability to recrystallize into iso-porous closed monolayers in suspension, at liquid-surface interfaces, on lipid films, on liposomes, and on solid supports (e.g., silicon wafers, metals, and polymers). The self-assembled monomolecular lattices have been utilized for the immobilization of functional biomolecules in an ordered fashion and for their controlled confinement in defined areas of nanometer dimension. Thus, S-layers fulfill key requirements for the development of new supramolecular materials and enable the design of a broad spectrum of nanoscale devices, as required in molecular nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and biomimetics [1-3]. 

IUPAC classification, mesoporous materials are defined as porous materials with diameters in the range 2-50 nm, which is rather dose to the dimensions of functional biomolecules such as proteins. Therefore, unexplored phenomena and functions could be observed for biomolecules confined in mesopore channels due to their restricted motion and orientation. In this chapter, we briefly introduce recent developments on the immobilization of biomolecules in mesoporous media, where the use of mesoporous silica and mesoporous carbon are mainly discussed. 

As a result of these and many other conceptual breakthroughs, it is now apparent that the ribosome is perhaps the most sophisticated molecular machine in existence. Fueled by GTP and acting with a variety of translation factors, the ribosome is a dynamic ribonucleoprotein device that manufactures the most important functional biomolecules in living organisms. 

Ulstrup. J. Electronic properties of functional biomolecules 28. at metal/aqueous solution interfaces. J. Phys. Chem., B... 

Waters, D.M., Mauch, A., Coffey, A., Arendt, E. K., Zannini, E. (2015). Lactic acid bacteria as a cell factory for the delivery of functional biomolecules and ingredients in cereal-based beverages a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr, 55(4), 503-520. 

Two main techniques for the preparation of bioconjugates exist conjugation of a fully formed polymer to a biomolecule and polymerization from a functionalized biomolecule (Scheme 3). The former method was first devdoped for the site-selective... 

Chemoselective Cu(l)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition of an alkyne-bifunctional chelator (R) to an azido-functionalized biomolecule... 

Synthetic and Functional Biomolecule Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China... 

Figure 14 The modular approach to construct bioactive materials consists of mixing different UPy-functionalized biomolecules (UPy-GRGDS in red and UPy-PHSRN in green) with an oligocaprolactone functionalized on both ends with UPy units (PCLdiUPy). (Adapted from Ref. 44. Nature Publishing Group, 2005.)...

In another study, PHA synthase from R. eutropha was used to polymerize PHB and PHV on hydrophobic highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces, which are used to support other functional biomolecules such as streptavidin and biotin. The surface modifieation was reported to have biomedical and biotechnological applications. ... 

Studies on element metabolism can only be meaningful if the tracer used for isotopic labeling of the element mimics dosely the tracee in the experimental setting, that is, the element or element species/compound under investigation. Similarly to the situation in the human body, essential elements are usually present in plant- or animal-derived food products in the form of functional biomolecules with a distinct biochemical function. Upon digestion in the stomach, the element may or may not be released from the biomolecule or food matrix in ionic form. The same holds true if a specific element compound/species is studied, for example, a mineral salt used for food fortification. The compound may or may not dissolve completely in the gastric juice before leaving the stomach. Dissolution, however, is a precondition for elements to be absorbed in the intestine by common pathways. 

Silica nanowires functionalization biomolecule protein toxicology biosensor... 

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