Fuel submarine

Natural gas upgra ding economics may be affected by additional factors. The increasing use of compressed natural gas (CNG) directiy as fuel in vehicles provides an alternative market which affects both gas price and value (see Gasoline and other motor fuels Gas, natural). The hostility of the remote site environment where the natural gas is located may contribute to additional costs, eg, offshore sites require platforms and submarine pipelines. 

Another reactor that was approved for development was a land-based prototype submarine propulsion reactor. Westinghouse Electric Corp. designed this pressurized water reactor, using data collected by Argonne. Built at NRTS, the reactor used enriched uranium, the metal fuel in the form of plates. A similar reactor was installed in the submarine l autilus. 

Later, Du Pont in America developed its own ionically conducting membrane, mainly for large-scale electrolysis of sodium chloride to manufacture chlorine, Nafion , (the US Navy also used it on board submarines to generate oxygen by electrolysis of water), while Dow Chemical, also in America, developed its own even more efficient version in the 1980s, while another version will be described below in connection with fuel cells. Meanwhile, Fenton et al. (1973) discovered the first of a... 

Oceans occupy 70.8% or 125 million square miles of the surface of the earth. Within or beneath this inner space are foods, fuels, and minerals. Thus interest in the sea is obvious. At least 4/5 of all life on earth exists in saltwater. It is predicted that of the oil and gas demand in future years will come from oil at 2,000 ft. depths operated by manned submarines and marine robots. All the equipment needed to collect and store oil or gas will be installed and operated on the sea floor. Underwater housing and decompression chambers will be required. The sea bottom is also reported to include trillions of tons of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, and other important minerals. 

K.17 The Sabatier process has been used to remove CO> from artificial atmospheres, such as those in submarines and spacecraft. An advantage is that it produces methane, CH4, which can be burned as a fuel, and water, which can be reused. Balance the equation for the process and identify the type of reaction CC2(g) + H2(g) -+ CH4(g) + H20(1). 

From the applied point of view, this reaction can be used to solve some important issues (1) production of organic subproducts (e.g., methanol, carbon monoxide, oxalic acid), which can be used for synthesizing many valuable organic substances (2) manufacture of synthetic fuels or energy-storage media and (3) removal and utilization of carbon dioxide in life-support systems for closed environments of spacecraft or submarines. 

In most cases, fuel cells are operated with air oxygen as the oxidizer. Pure oxygen can be used when no air is available, as in submarines or spaceships. The reducer most often is hydrogen, either pure or technical grade, that is produced by steam conversion or gasification reactions of natural gas, petroleum products, and/or other liquid organic compounds. 

PEM Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell (Polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cell) Proton- conducting polymer membrane (e.g., Nafion ) H+ (proton) 50-80 mW (Laptop) 50 kW (Ballard) modular up to 200 kW 25-=45% Immediate Road vehicles, stationary electricity generation, heat and electricity co-generation, submarines, space travel... 

AFC Alkaline fuel cell 30-50% KOH OH- (hydroxide) 60-90 7kW (Apollo) 37-s42% Immediate Space travel, road vehicles, submarines... 

Hydrogen can be used as a motor fuel, whereas neither nuclear nor solar energy can be used directly. Nuclear power requires heavy shielding to keep the neutrons away from people, but is too heavy for cars. It can be used in ships especially submarines... 

Filament-wound structures are often used to store fluid under pressure fuel storage tanks, rocket motor cases, natural gas, and oxygen storage tanks. In some cases, the filament-wound structure is subjected to external pressure a diving bell or submarine. Filament winding has... 

Coupled with normal electric motors, the systems can provide attractive power system alternatives for automobiles, tractors, trucks, aircraft, boats, ships, submarines, trains, and other vehicles, again without exhaust emissions, pollutants, or harmful waste products and without fuel costs. 

Submarine Fuel, Winand s. Patented by P. Winant in the USA in 1909, it was intended to detonate without direct access to the atm. It consisted of a mixt of tetranitroethane and mono- and di-nitro benzene, without the addition of hydrocarbon material Refs 1) P. Winant, USP 914624 (1909) JSCI 28, 787 (1909) 2) C. Ellis, Chemistry of... 

It is clear that conventional metal hydride hydrogen storage is not a feasible option for storage of land or air vehicle propulsion fuel. However, metal hydride hydrogen storage has been successfully employed on the German, Class 212, fuel cell-powered submarine, where very long underwater endurance is not required. 

The best prospects for hydrogen would appear to be in niche applications that do not represent a major fuel consumption, or where the power requirement is a small fraction of the vehicle s propulsion power. An example of this is the air-independent propulsion system on board the German Class 212 submarine. The particular requirements of this vehicle allow the use of heavy hydrogen storage as a metal hydride. 

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