Diesel fuel federal

The United States is unique among the major countries in that supply and demand has determined price structures in the petroleum industry. Today, even though the products are much better than fifty years ago, the before-tax retail prices of gasolines, diesel fuels, and heating oils are much less on a constant-value dollar basis than they ever have been before. Even with the federal and state taxes included, the retail prices on a constant-value dollar basis... 

Ammonium nitrate (NH NO, also known as Norway saltpeter ) is mainly used as a fertilizer. It is also known as the chemical that was mixed with diesel fuel to create the explosion that demohshed the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995. 

Grades 1-D and 2-D are most commonly used in truck, railroad, and some stationary engines. Grade No. 4-D fuels are used in marine and certain industrial diesel applications. Fuel oil grades and their intended applications are outlined in TABLE 3-13. Federal diesel fuel oil classifications are provided in TABLE 3-14. 

TABLE 3-14. Federal Specification VV-F-800 Describing Diesel Fuel Oil... 

In federal diesel fuel oil DF-A, cetane improver concentration cannot exceed 0.25 wt%, and in DF-1 and DF-2, cetane improver concentration cannot exceed 0.5 wt%. 

A diesel fuel stabilizer containing a blend of amines, polyamines, and alkyl ammonium alkyl phosphate as specified under MIL-S-53021 is recommended for federal diesel fuel oil. This stabilizer is to be used at a treat rate of 25 lb/1,000 barrels. It is not intended for use in routine applications, but for situations where increased stability protection is required. Typical applications include fueled equipment undergoing long-term storage in a warehouse or depot, prepositioned equipment or equipment maintained in a high-temperature environment. 

The federal diesel fuel oil specification VV-F-800D lists the following compounds as acceptable cetane improvers ... 

However, high U.S. diesel fuel prices may put a spoke in marketing efforts. Adding insult to injury is the added costs of transitioning to low-sulfur diesel fuel and a higher federal excise tax (24.4 cents per... 

A major challenge even for advanced diesel engines is the array of impending U.S. federal Tier 2 and California LEV II emissions standards. Work is ongoing to achieve these standards and to ensure that the exhaust after-treatment devices required will meet the necessary durability standards. Two things are certain Diesel fuel quality must improve dramatically, at least to the 2006 ultra low sulfur diesel requirements and preferably well beyond, and the cost of a Tier 2 Bin 5 or LEV II compliant diesel system will be substantial, rivaling the cost of hybrid electric gasoline fueled vehicle systems. 

The Combustion Laboratory at Pennsylvania State University has successfully developed a project involving conversion of a faculty-staff campus shuttle bus to operate on DME. The conversion of the Penn State shuttle bus was a collaborative effort between the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Air Products, the Federal Energy Technology Center, Navistar International, Champion Motor Coach, Penn State s Combustion Lab, Fleet Services, and Pennsylvania Transportation Institute. The Combustion Laboratory will eventually convert the shuttle bus engine to operate on blends of DME, diesel fuel, and a lubricity agent. 

Prior to 1995, around 85 million people (one-third U.S. population) lived in urban areas. The air quality of these areas violated federal public health standards, largely because of automotive pollutants. Gasoline and diesel-fueled cars, trucks, and buses produced half of all air pollution in the United States. This air pollution includes 66% of airborne carbon monoxide, 31%i of smog-forming hydrocarbons, and 43%i of lungdamaging nitrogen oxide. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, March 5, 1980, Standard for Emission of Particulate, Regulation for Diesel Fueled Light Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks... 

A new development in the area of alternative diesel fuels is a fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats using specially modified hydrogenation processes in a conventional petroleum processing facility (Rantanen et al., 2005). This fuel retains the low sulfur and low aromatic character of biodiesel but contains no oxygen and has a heating value that is similar to petroleum diesel fuel. Recent U.S. interest in this approach has expanded due to governmental announcements that the fuel qualifies for federal excise tax credits. 

Recently great interest has been shown all over the world in the study of desulfurization of liquid fuels on various adsorbents [7, 8, 13, 145-158], It is driven by the fact that US federal regulations mandate the reduction in sulfur level for gasoline and diesel fuel to 30 and 15 ppm, respectively. The current levels are 300-500 ppmw. The new requirements will be implemented in 2006 [6]. Tire reason for lowering sulfur level, besides detrimental environmental effects is in the fact that sulfur compounds poison both automobile and fuel cell reformer catalysts. 

Biodiesel production in Canada was below 50 million litres per year in 2005. In December 2006, the federal government had announced an intention to mandate 2% renewable content in diesel fuel, which would create approximately 500 million litres per year of biodiesel demand across the country. This announcement has served as a major driving force for tremendous growth in Canadian biodiesel industry. The Canadian biodiesel production capacity has been increased to 150 million litres per year in 2008 and 200 million litres per year in 2010 (Canadian Renewable Fuels Association, 2010). The implementation date of the 2% federal mandate for biodiesel was later set on July 1, 2011 (CRFA, 2011). Prior to the federal mandate, there are a number of provincial renewable fuel mandates such as 2% in Alberta and Manitoba and 3% in British Columbia. The current major Canadian biodiesel plants using various feedstocks are listed in Table 12.8 indicating that the current total Canadian... 

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