Academy of Sciences French

By 1730 Bernoulli longed to return to Basle, but despite numerous attempts, he lost out in ballots for academic positions until 1732. However, in 1734 the French Academy of Sciences awarded a joint prize to Daniel and his father in recognition of their work. Johann found it difficult to admit that his son was at least his equal, and once again the house of Bernoulli was divided. 

A record7 that is of some historical interest discloses that the French Academy of Sciences had received a sample of this Persian or Alhagi manna from De Mirbel in 1836 and from Ravergi in 1830. 

The black product was extracted with water and the sodium carbonate in it was recovered by concentration and crystallization. The residue, chiefly calcium sulfide, known as galigu, was dumped on land and created an environmental nuisance for many years because it never hardened. The process was invented by N. Leblanc in France in 1789, in response to a competition organized by the French Academy of Sciences. Operation of the first factory was delayed for several years because of the French Revolution. The process was operated widely until it was progressively superseded by the Ammonia-soda process in 1872. But it was still in use in Bolton, UK, until 1938, and the last plant in Europe closed in 1992. See also Black ash. 

While feet and yards are still used in Britain and other countries, the usual length is now the metre. At the time of the French Revolution in the 18th century and soon after, the French Academy of Sciences sought to systemize the measurement of all scientific quantities. This work led eventually to the concept of the Systeme Internationale, or SI for short. Within this system, all units and definitions are self-consistent. The SI unit of length is the metre. 

Le Chatelier s original work was published in the journal of the French Academy of Sciences, as H. L. Le Chatelier, Comptes rendus, 1884, 99, 786. It s in French, and even good translations are hard to follow. 

The Academie Royale des Sciences was established in 1666 with fifteen members but no classes or sections. See Maurice Crosland, "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century," Minerva 16 (Spring 1978) 73102, on 75 and Oeuvres de Lavoisier, IV (Paris Imprimerie nationale, 1868) 559. A useful source for the Academy is the Index biographique de l Academie des Sciences, 16661978 (Paris Gauthier-Vi liars, 1979), and for the Academy in the nineteenth century, Maurice Crosland, Science Under Control The French Academy of Sciences 17951914 (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1992). 

Science Under Control. The French Academy of Sciences 17951914. Cambridge Cambridge University Press,... 

He is author of 70 publications and has received awards from the CNRS (bronze medal) and the French Academy of Sciences (Berthault prize) he has also been awarded Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Oradea (Romania). 

After the publication of his atomic theory, Dalton s fame increased steadily, and he began to receive numerous honors. He was elected to membership in the French Academy of Sciences in 1816, and he became president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society the following year. When George IV announced in 1825 that he would be giving two gold medals annually, the Royal Society, which administered the awards, gave one of them to Dalton. And in 1832 Oxford University awarded Dalton an honorary doctor of civil law degree. 

Antoine Lavoisier was a French chemist who had the misfortune to live in revolutionary times, although he was no diehard loyalist. On the contrary, while not politically active, he held views that were very liberal for his day. Lavoisier died on the guillotine. In prerevolutionary days, he had been a frequent target of diatribes written by the radical leader Jean-Paul Marat. Marat, who once had scientific ambitions, believed that Lavoisier blocked his attempts to gain election to the French Academy of Sciences. Marat was assassinated before Lavoisier was executed, so he played no role in the latter s arrest or trial, but it is significant that he had constantly attacked Lavoisier for his role as a tax farmer. It was for his activities as a tax farmer that Lavoisier was executed. 

Another of the early experimenters with phosphorus was the Abb6 J.-A. Nollet, who watched Jean Hellot and others demonstrate its properties before die French Academy of Sciences in 1737 (32). The procedure was described in detail in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for that year and later in P.-J. Macquer s Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry. Even in the eighteenth century, chemists had... 

Jouguet, (Jacques-Charles) Emile (1871 — 1943). French physicist, general inspector of mines and professor of mechanics ficole des Mine, ficole Poly technique, member French Academy of Science (1930). He was the author of Me-canique des Explosifs (1917) and conducted research on wave diffusion, movement of fluids, explosives and fundamental work on the hydro-dynamic theory of detonation. His name is associated with that of Chapman-in the famous Chapman-Jouguet condition. In their honor parameters of a steady detonation wave are usually designated by the subscript CJ... 

Hydrochloric acid is used in numerous applications, but it is generally obtained indirectly as a by-product in other chemical processes. The first large-scale production of hydrochloric acid resulted from the mass production of alkalis such as sodium carbonate (Na C ) and potassium carbonate (potash, K2C03). The depletion of European forests and international disputes made the availability of alkali salts increasingly uncertain during the latter part of the 18th century. This prompted the French Academy of Science to offer a reward to anyone who could find a method to produce soda ash from common salt (NaCl). Nicholas LeBlanc (1743—1806) was credited with solving the problem. LeBlanc proposed a procedure in 1783 and a plant based on LeBlanc s method was opened in 1791. LeBlanc s method uses sulfuric acid and common salt... 

Nine elements were known in ancient times gold, silver, iron, mercury, tin, copper, lead, carbon, and sulfur. Bismuth, zinc, antimony, and arsenic were isolated in the alchemical period and Middle Ages. It was known that certain substances combined into other substances before the modern idea of elements and compounds was established. In 1718, Etienne Francois Geoffioy (1672—1731) presented a Table of Affinities to the French Academy of Science that summarized which substances were compatible with each other and combined to produce other substances (Figure 1.2). 

M. R. Courrier, Permanent Secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, a discussion on the Priore device, April 26, 1977. 

The operon model and the concept of messenger RNA, first proposed in the Proceedings of the French Academy of Sciences in 1960, are presented in this historic paper. 

In 1914 he published a monumental exptl work on the determination of pressures and velocities as functions of projectile travel for the 3" field artillery gun, which is still of practical value today. Zabudsky was elected a member of the French Academy of Science in 1911 Refs 1) A.D. Blinov, Kurs Artillereii, Voyen-noye Izdatel stvo , Vol 1, Moscow (1948)... 

We also express our gratitude to Pierre Potier, member of the French Academy of Sciences, President of the Foundation of Maison de la Chimie for having honored us by his presence at the opening of the Conference and his warm welcome to his "house". We also express our appreciation to Pascale Briand, who was the joint Director of Ecole Normale Supdrieure for Sciences during the preparation of the meeting, for her support and her heartening and visionary talk at the opening session. Let both receive our warmest thanks. 

In 1997 in France, distribution of the French edition of the present report produced two notable reactions, only one of which addressed factual arguments,60 but which nevertheless failed to discuss the technical problems in a scientific manner.61 The Chemical Department of the French Academy of Sciences chose not to make a comment publicly on factual arguments, but rather to resort to polemic phraseology and personal attacks.62... 

Leblanc process. In 1775 the French Academy of Sciences offered a prize of 100,000 francs to anyone who could devise a process for the production of soda from raw materials found in France. The prize was... 

M. Crosland, Science under Control The French Academy of Sciences, 1795-1914, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992. 

French Academy of Sciences that he called the daguerreotype, which we now know as photography. 

Professor. His research interests are mainly in solid-state and materials chemistry. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences and French Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Member of several... 

C. N. R, Rao obtained his Ph.D. degree from Purdue University and D.Sc. degree from the University of Mysore. He is Linus Pauling Research Professor at the JNCASR and Honorary Professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore India. He is a member of several academies including the Royal Society (London), U.S. National Academy of Sciences. French Academy of Sciences, and Japan Academy. His main research interests are in solid state and materials chemistry and nanomaterials. The most recent award received by him is the Hughes medal for physical sciences from the Royal Society. 

Prof. Rao is a member of all the major science academies in the world including the Royal Society, London, the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., the Russian Academy of Sciences, French Academy of Sciences, Japan Academy as well as the Polish, Czechoslovakian, Serbian, Slovenian, Brazil, Spanish, Korean and African Academies and the American Philosophical Society. He is a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Foreign Member of Academia Europaea and Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He is on the editorial boards of several leading professional journals. 

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