ECOLE NORMALE

Ecole Normale Superieure. Departement de Chimie. UMR 8640 24 rue Lhomond. F-75231 Paris Cedex 05. France. 

S. Chu (Stanford), C. Cohen-Tannoudji (Ecole Normal Superieure, Paris) and... 

France lost many of its teachers during the first years of the Revolution. One of the solutions to the shortage of teachers was the establishment of the Ecole Normale in Paris. Fourier, as a teacher and an active member of the Popular Society in Auxerre, was invited to attend in 1795. His attendance at the shortlived Ecole gave him the opportunity to meet and study with the brightest French scientists. Fourier s own talent gained him a position as assistant to the lecturers at the Ecole Normale. 

Laboratoire de Chimie de I Ecole Normale Superieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. Present Address Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse, 79 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. 

Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (U.M.R. 5076), Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie, 8, rue de I Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France E-mail taillefe cit.enscm E-mail cristau cit.enscm.fr... 

Cumming, C.M. and Brett, C.T. (1986) A galacturonyltransferase involved in pectin biosynthesis. In Cell Walls 86. Proceedings of the Fourth Cell Wall Meeting. Paris -September 10-12,1986. edited by B. Vian, et al, pp. 360-363. University Pierre et Marie Curie - Ecole Normale Superieure. Paris. 

It is a pleasure for the author of being invited to contribute to this book as a tribute to Gaston Berthier who taught him in the late sixties at Ecole Normale Superieure (rue Lhomond, Paris) how to use a partieular molecular orbital formalism, developped in his group, for a study on transiton metal eomplexes. This has been the beginning of a fruitful eollaboration over the years. 

Department de Biologie, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France... 

James Griesemer Department of Philosophy, 2297 Social Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8673, USA David L. Hull Department of Philosophy, Northwestern University, 1818 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208-1315, USA Elisabeth A. Lloyd Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Michel Morange Departement de Biologie, Unite de Genetique Moleculaire, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 Rue d Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France... 

Oxidation of l,2,5,6-tetraacetoxyhexene-3 led to the formation of dulcitol tetraacetate. In a typical experiment 22 g. of the tetraacetate was oxidized with 4.4 g. of silver chlorate and 0.1 g. of osmic acid and yielded a sirujj which did not crystallize. The sirup was acetylated again and yielded the corresponding hexitol hexaacetate. The crystals which deposited first were collected and recrystallized from methanol, in which they are difficultly soluble in the cold. The product melted at 166-166.5° and analyzed correctly for a hexitol hexaacetate. Now there was found in the collections of the Ecole Normale Sup rieure an old bottle containing dulcitol hexaacetate, m. p. 167-168°. A mixture of the new and the old hexaacetates was found to melt at 166.5-167.5° the identity of the two compounds was thus beyond doubt. 

Laboratoire de Chimie des Materiaux et Catalyse, Departement de Chimie, Faculte des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire Tunis ElManar 2092 Tunis-Tunisia. bInstitut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Eq. "Materiaux Avancespour la Catalyse et la Sante", ENSCM(MACS - Site la Galera), 8, Rue Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. 

Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science and College of Science, Department III, Warsaw, Poland and Labo de Physique, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Lyon, France... 

This work is supported by the KBN grant 2P03B12516 and 5P03B09421. RH acknowledges with appreciation the hospitality of Ecole Normale Superieure and the stipendship from the French Ministry of Education. AA appreciates interesting discussions with Prof. H. Tanaka, Dr T. Araki, Prof. T. Hashimoto, and Dr. K. Moorthi. 

Gwilherm Evano was born in 1977 in Paris he studied chemistry at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris and received his Ph.D. from Universite Pierre et Marie Curie in 2002 under the supervision of Professors Francois Couty and Claude Agami. After postdoctoral study with Professor James S. Panek at Boston University, he became assistant professor at the University of Versailles in 2004. His research interests concern the field of asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles as well as their reactivity and the total synthesis of natural products. 

Equipe Materiaux Avances pour la Catalyse et la Sante (MACS) Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier 8, rue de l Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5 France... 

Bulletin de la Societe des Amis de I Ecole Normale Superieure... 

Laboratoire de Chimie de l Ecole Normale Superieure Bibliotheque Lincoln College, Oxford, Library... 

In chapters 6 through 8,1 concentrate in considerable detail on two research schools that sought to unify organic chemistry and physical chemistry with theoretical foundations built on the ion and electron theory. These schools are loosely designated the "Paris" and the "London-Manchester" schools, where "school" connotes a network of personal and professional associations over several generations at the Ecole Normale Superieure, in the first case, and at London University and the University of Manchester, in the second case. 

In later chapters, I analyze two broadly defined research schools, one in France and another in England, and their roles in the development of the discipline of a theoretical chemistry distinct from physical chemistry and theoretical physics. One group, which I call the Paris school, established the field of theoretical chemistry at the Ecole Normale Superieure. It was allied with organic chemistry, on the one hand, and physical chemistry, on the other. The second school, which I call the London-Manchester school, similarly combined problems and approaches from organic and physical chemistry but more daringly dabbled in the physics of electron theory and quantum mechanics. Thus, the discipline of theoretical chemistry took different forms in the two national traditions. 

See Addendum I in G. N. Burkhardt, Arthur Lapworth and Others, typescript in Robert Robinson papers, Library of the Royal Society of London. Students preparing the diplome d etudes superieures in chemistry at the Ecole Normale Superieure in the 1920s were asked to discuss questions in the oral part of the juried examination. Topics included catalysis, stereochemistry of salt complexes, and the origins of atomic notation. See bound copy of examination memoirs, presented to Albert Kirrmann, in archives of Ecole Normale Superieure Laboratoire de Chimie. 

Lespieau brooked family tradition in 1886 by entering the Ecole Normale... 

The chemical laboratory at the Ecole Normale offered little excitement in the way of theory in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Under Deville, three fundamental themes in inorganic chemistry had been pursued the preparation of aluminum the exploration of metals in the platinum series and the discovery of equilibrium in gaseous milieus, including the study of the dissociation of elementary vapors at high temperatures.27 Neither Deville nor his pupils were interested in general theories. As noted in chapter 3, Lespieau later commented,... 

One of Lespieau s first systematic ventures in designing a new teaching and research program for the Ecole Normale was the rewriting of a chemistry textbook, originally published by Joly, who had adhered to equivalent notation. The Nouveau precis de chimie (notation atomique) was revised in 1902 and appeared in three volumes. 

Under Lespieau s directorship, the Ecole Normale laboratory was open to students in physics and mineralogy as well as chemistry.33 The primary research program was the synthesis and study of nonsaturated organic compounds, along with the application to hydrocarbons of physical methods like Raoulf s techniques. With his former student, Maurice Bourguel, Lespieau was one of the first people in France to apply Raman spectroscopy to organic analysis.34... 

---