Free-radical-inhibiting antioxidants reductants

Table 5. Free-Radical-Inhibiting Antioxidants or Reductants Useful in Cosmetics ...

The application of flavonoids for the treatment of various diseases associated with free radical overproduction is considered in Chapter 29. However, it seems useful to discuss here some studies describing the activity of flavonoids under certain pathophysiological conditions. Oral pretreatment with rutin of rats, in which gastric lesions were induced by the administration of 100% ethanol, resulted in the reduction of the area of gastric lesions [157]. Rutin was found to be an effective inhibitor of TBAR products in the gastric mucosa induced by 50%i ethanol [158]. Rutin and quercetin were active in the reduction of azoxymethanol-induced colonic neoplasma and focal area of dysplasia in the mice [159], Chemopreventive effects of quercetin and rutin were also shown in normal and azoxymethane-treated mouse colon [160]. Flavonoids exhibited radioprotective effect on 7-ray irradiated mice [161], which was correlated with their antioxidative activity. Dietary flavones and flavonols protected against the toxicity of the environmental contaminant dioxin [162], Rutin inhibited ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in rats [163],... 

Antioxidant activity involving the transfer of two electrons between the ascorbate/dehy-droascorbate redox couple or donation of one electron to inactivate highly reactive free radicals, e.g., protection of vitamin E by reduction of the tocopheryl radical Competitive inhibition in substrate binding reactions, including inhibition of the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines... 

The effect of PJ consumption by patients with CAS on their serum oxidative state was measured also as serum concentration of antibodies against Ox-LDL.31 A significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the concentration of antibodies against Ox-LDL by 24 and 19% was observed after 1 and 3 months of PJ consumption, respectively (from 2070 61 EU/mL before treatment to 1563 69 and 1670 52 F.lI/mL after 1 and 3 months of PJ consumption, respectively). Total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum from these patients was substantially increased by 2.3-fold (from 0.95 0.12 nmol/L at baseline up to 2.20 0.25 nmol/L after 12 months of PJ consumption). These results indicate that PJ administration to patients with CAS substantially reduced their serum oxidative status and could thus inhibit plasma lipid peroxidation. The susceptibility of the patient s plasma to free radical-induced oxidation decreased after 12 months of PJ consumption by 62% (from 209 18 at baseline to 79 6 nmol of peroxides/milliliter). The effect of PJ consumption on serum oxidative state was recently measured also in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Consumption of 50 mL of PJ per day for a period of 3 months resulted in a significant reduction in serum lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBAR) levels by 56 and 28%, respectively.32... 

ALS because SODl encodes for an antioxidant enzyme. Although the relevance of oxidative stress is not fully understood, it is believed that mutations in SODl promote a structural change that allows a higher rate of interaction between the substrates and the active site of the enzyme, resulting in increased production of free radical species. However, there are not sufficient experimental data supporting this hypothesis because if SODl mutants cause peroxynitrite-dependent cell death in vitro, it would be expected that reduction in the levels of peroxynitrite by inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) would improve the motor neuron outcomes. However, these experiments did not show a decrease in motor neuron damage (Facchinetti et ah, 1999 Upton-Rice et ah, 1999 Son et ah, 2001). 

The existence of quinonic groups in carbon black was first proposed by Studebaker and associates (73), based on reduction experiments with sodium borohydride or hydrogen over platinum. Carbon black undergoes some of the typical reactions of quinones. It inhibits the free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers (74—76) and, after completion of the induction period, becomes grafted to the polymer molecules. This activity is lost on reduction. Gruver and Rollmann (77) have shown that quinones are also responsible for some of the antioxidant activity of carbon black (78). Hallum and Drushel (79) proposed that surface quinonic groups... 

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