Formulations, liquid emulsions

Of all these formulations, it is the diverse semisolids that stand out as being uniquely topical. Semisolid systems fulfill a special topical need as they cling to the surface of the skin to which they are applied, generally until being washed off or worn off. In contrast, fluid systems have poor substantivity and readily streak and run off the desired area. Similarly, powders have poor staying properties. Importantly, the fundamental physicochemical characteristics of solutions, liquid emulsions and suspensions, and powders are independent of their route of application, and are discussed adequately elsewhere in this text and need not be reconsidered. This is not to say the compositions of such systems cannot be uniquely topical, for there are chemicals that can be safely applied to the... 

In cosmetics and topical pharmaceutical preparations, medium-chain triglycerides are used as a component of ointments, creams, and liquid emulsions. In rectal formulations, medium-chain triglycerides have been used in the preparation of suppositories containing labile materials. 

The first encapsulation process to examine will be the liquid emulsion, used as it is or as a first step for other encapsulation form. Then several processes are using an initial formulated liquid to prepare, in the end, a dry product like powders. Starting with a liquid state provides a good initial homogeneous aroma dispersion, which will be more or less maintained in the powdered form. 

Different types of dispersions are encountered in industrial applications, the most common ones include solid/liquid (suspension), liquid/liquid (emulsions), gas/liquid (foams), liquid/solid (gels), and liquid/gas (aerosols). These dispersions are encountered in almost every industry in some form or the other during the preparation or as end product. Examples of industrial applications of dispersions include paints, dyestuffs, printing ink, paper coatings, cosmetics, ceramics, microelectronics, agrochemical and pharmaceutical formulations, and various household products. In the following sections, the characterization and properties of solid/liquid suspensions will be described. However, the same concepts would be valid for other kinds of dispersions also. 

Wood can be modified by treating with orgaific biocides which have low solubility in water and their organic solution can be dispersed in water using surfactants to stabilize a mostly aqueous liquid-in-organic liquid emulsion. Controlled release formulations of antifouling moieties have been used for the protection of wood against... 

Werner Kunz, Thomas Zemb, and Agnes Harrar, Using ionic liquids to formulate micro-emulsions current state of affairs. Current Opinion in Colloid Interface Science 17 (2012) 205-211. 

Emulsion PVC, emulsifiable concentrates, soluble liquids, acidizing fluids, water based fracturing fluids, oil based fluids, water based fluids, soluble oils, cleaners, pretreatment formulations, plating formulations, polyacrylamide emulsions, PVC, contaminant control... 

In this chapter we will start with a section on the raw materials used to produce HMI, the possible production methods of this product and its safety. The second section will give a short description of the solution properties of long-chain inulin and HMI. This is followed by a section on the interfacial properties of HMI at the air/liquid, liquid/liquid and solid/liquid interfaces. Particular attention will be given in describing the effectiveness of HMI as a stabilizer for various disperse systems, e.g. emulsions, nanoemulsions and latexes. The application of HMI in the formulation of emulsions, latex dispersions and nano-emulsions will be described in subsequent sections. 

Product COSAN PMA-30 is a solubilized phenyl mercuric acetate formulation which has earned acceptance as the highly effective standard in the industry for protecting liquid emulsion systems and films. COSAN PMA-30 is water soluble and compatible with styrene-butadiene, acrylic, vinyl-acrylic, polyvinyl acetate, oil and alkyd modified systems. COSAN PMA-30 will not adversely affect freeze-thaw stability, whites and light tints. 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

There are numerous applications where the development of high viscosity is necessary in a finished product. For example, thickeners, mainly based on poly(acrylic acid), are used to give body to so-called emulsion paints. Emulsion paints are not formulated from true emulsions (Le. stable dispersions of organic liquids in water), but are prepared from latexes, that is, dispersions of polymer in water. Since latexes do not contain soluble polymers, they have a viscosity almost the same as pure water. As such, they would not sustain a pigment dispersion, but would allow it to settle they would also fail to flow out adequately when painted on to a surface. Inclusion of a thickener in the formulation gives a paint in which the pigment does not settle out and which can readily be applied by brush to a surface. 

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