Formative and Summative Evaluation

Scriven (1967) first distinguished between the formative and summative roles of evaluation. Formative evaluations, conducted during the implementation of a safety program, provide directors information that helps improve the program. Formative evaluation typically involves content inspection by experts, pilot tests with small numbers of workers, field tests with larger numbers of workers in several plants, and so forth. Each step results in immediate feedback to the developers, who would then use the information to make necessary revisions (Worthen and Sanders 1987,34). 

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Table 10.1 summarizes the characteristics of formative and summative evaluation. 

To obtain the most complete and accurate picture, both formative and summative evaluation should be carried out. Furthermore, as many people as possible should be consulted as part of the evaluation process, including mentors, mentees... 

TABLE 2 Kirkpatrick s Levels Applied to Formative and Summative Evaluation... 

The course has been evaluated at seven universities. This extensive formative and summative evaluation comprises two standardised questionnaires filled out by the... 

Use embedded assessment and a variety of assessment methods. The assessment of the students should include both formative and summative evaluation and be continuous throughout the whole period of study. Teachers may assess their students traditionally via multiple choice and open-ended questions, but in addition the assessment should include, for example ... 

Formative and summative assessments are used during the course to evaluate the achievement of the learning objectives. Example assessment methods and results are discussed in the paper. Also discussed are the results of recent teaching evaluations, which show that the students value this approach to course design and organization. 

When implementing a usability test, experiment, or consultation, attendees are encouraged to measure iteratively (formative, interim, and summative evaluations), to be consistent when interacting with study participants, to gain and maintain participant support, and to incorporate solid research ethics. 

There are two t) es of evaluation that can benefit the improvement and maintenance of mentoring programs formative (ongoing) and summative (final). Formative evaluation is concerned with the implementation of measures that help you to evaluate how a program is currently doing. It is similar to a review that takes place on an ongoing basis - it is all about keeping an eye on the scheme. In this sense, formative evaluation enables ... 

For the safety case, evidencing both evaluations is particularly convincing especially when carried out by the manufacturers. The formative evaluation helps to shape the requirements, take account of control options, iteratively refine the solution and build confidence in the design strategy. The summative evaluation allows specific user interface controls to be validated both in terms of their presence and effectiveness. 

After all, not all the factors can be identified in the design cycle, so summative evaluation is needed, which is a basis for actual result and for warning improvement. Summative evaluation can be the sole approach to evaluation, or it can be combined with formative evaluation. In summative evaluation, the final product (warning sign) must be released into the context of use, and then criterion measures can be gathered from participants over a period of time. 

Evaluation —obtaining feedback and information through use of formative, summative, and operational evaluations to assess system and student performance... 

When will we carry out the formative evaluations and when the summative one ... 

In general, two types of evaluation can be distinguished summative and formative. The latter takes place during the design process to identify aspects... 

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