Forests Norway spruce

Ots, K., Rauk, J. Mandre, M. 2000. The state of the forest ecosystem in the area of oil shale mining and processing. 2. Morphological characteristics of Norway Spruce. Oil Shale, 17, 168-183. 

The western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis is perhaps the most destructive insect enemy of western pine forests. The aggregation pheromone is a mixture of the terpenoid myrcene [123-35-3] (163) from the tree and the frass pheromones dv< -brevicomin [20290-99-7] (164) and frontalin [28401-39-0] (165). The Norway spruce beetle Ips typographus converts the tree terpenoid myrcene into the frass pheromone ipsdienol [35628-00-3] (166) and the beetles also produce 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol [115-18-4]t and of-verbenol [473-67-6] (167), all of which are components of the aggregation pheromone. 

Michalzik, B., T. Mueller, and B. Stadler. 1999. Aphids on Norway spruce and their effects on forest floor solution chemistry. Forest Ecology and Management 118 1-10. 

Soil samples were collected from the Gardsjon catchment, located at 58° 04 N and 12° 03 E on the west coast of Sweden. The area is covered by coniferous forest with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), which dominate the landscape. The area is glacial till, silt loam soil that is fairly thin. The soil is classified as a spodosol haplorthod, common in Sweden (Nilsson, 1988). A detailed description of the geology, soils, and vegetation of the Gardsjon catchment is given by Olsson et al. (1985). 

Nilsson and Wallander (2003) incubated soil cores in the field to estimate the influence of nitrogen fertilization on ectomycorrhizal biomass in a Norway spruce forest in southern Sweden. Ectomycorrhizal biomass in the humus layer declined from 800 kg ha to 300 kg ha after adding 100 kg N ha yr for 10 years. These estimates of ectomycorrhizal biomass in soils of Swedish forests are much larger than the amounts present in similar forests as... 

Nilsson, L. O. Wallander, H. (2003). Production of external mycelium by ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Norway spruce forest was reduced in response to nitrogen fertilization. New Phytologist, 158, 409-16. 

Wallander, H., Nilsson, L.-O., Hagerberg, D. Rosengren, U. (2003). Direct estimates of C N ratios of ectomycorrhizal mycelia collected from Norway spruce forest soils. 

Fransson, P. M. A., Taylor, A. F. S. Finlay, R. D. (2000). Effects of continuous optimal fertilization on belowground ectomycorrhizal community structure in a Norway spruce forest. Tree Physiology, 20, 599-606. 

Plate 16. End of shoot of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) found on the forest floor. Shoot was tom off probably after its conslstance had been weakened by environmental stress or lack of nutrients. Witten, W. Germany, March 1983. Photograph courtesy of Ms. Ebel. 

The map of mean temperatures in January of Northrhine-Westphalia (Fig. 8) shows those areas below a mean of 0 C where a combination of frost and SO2 can lead to plant damage. Norway spruce, e.g., can tolerate winter temperatures of about — 40°C in healthy conditions, but — 10 C might be too much for a plant weakened by preceding or corresponding pollution impact. Forests close to the national borders of distribution are obviously especially endangered. 

Today the die-back of silver fir is regarded as a real menace to the further existence of this species which reacts more sensitive to dilute concentrations of air pollution than any other tree of forest importance. Its disappearance causes great silvicultural problems because firs help to stabilize mbced forest stands in the mountains against wind fall by rooting much deeper than Norway spruce. 

Norway spruce in northern and southern Sweden. Forest Ecol. Manage. 119, 51-62. 

Clarke, N., Rosberg, 1., Aamlid D. 2005. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon along an altitudinal gradient from Norway spruce forest to the mountain birch/alpine ecotone in Norway. Boreal environ. Res. 10 181-189. 

In Belgium, the first damages were observed and recognized in our eastern forests of Hertogenwald and Eifel, near the German border. These forests contain mainly Norways spruce fPicea abies (L.) Karst) and some Silver fir (Abies alba. Mille) and Common beech (Fagus silvestris L.). 

Effects of pollutant combinations Since the late 1970s, the phenomenon of forest decline in stands of Norway spruce has been recorded at the higher elevation sites of Central European mountain regions. The main symptoms were needle yellowing (attributed to Mg-deficiency) and needle loss. At that time in such sites of the north-eastern Bavarian mountains, the following total deposition rates were measured (Schaaf etal. 1991) 1.2-4.5 kmol H+... 

Bergh, J., Linder, S., Lundmark, T., Elfving, B., 1999. The effect of water and nutrient availability on the on the productivity of Norway spruce in northern and southern Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management 119, 51-62. 

Taylor, A.F.S., Martin, R, Read, D.J., 2000. Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and beech (Fagus syl atica L.) along north-south transects in Europe. In Schulze, E.-D. (Ed.), Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Forest Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 343-365. 

Krogstrup, P. (1986). Embryo-like structures from cotyledons and ripe embryos of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16 664-668. 

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