Forensic sciences alcohol

See ETHANOL. FORENSIC SCIENCES Alcohol in Body Fluids... 

See alsa Distillation. Enzymes Overview Enzyme-Based Electrodes. Food and Nutritional Analysis Antioxidants and Preservatives Alcoholic Beverages. Forensic Sciences Alcohol in Body Fluids Blood Analysis. Headspace Analysis Static Purge and Trap. Infrared Spectroscopy Overview. Optical Spectroscopy Refractometry and Reflectometry. Quality Assurance Quality Control. Sensors Amperometric Oxygen Sensors. 

Creatinine. Electrophoresis Principles Isoelectric Focusing. Enzymes Enzymes In Physiological Samples Industrial Products and Processes Enzyme Assays. Forensic Sciences Alcohol In Body Fluids DNA Profiling Systematic Drug Identification Thin-Layer Chromatography. Immunoassays Applications Forensic. Microscopy Applications Forensic. Nucleic Acids Electrochemical Methods. Polymerase Chain Reaction. Spectrophotometry Oven/lew Biochemical Applications. 

See also Forensic Sciences Alcohol In Body Fluids Explosives Fibers Gunshot Residues Hair Paints, Varnishes, and Lacquers Systematic Drug Identification Thin-Layer Chromatography. Fuels Oil-Based. Gas Chromatography Pyrolysis Detectors Mass Spectrometry. Polymers Natural Rubber Synthetic Polyurethanes. 

See also Blood and Plasma. Clinical Analysis Glucose. Enzymes Immobilized Enzymes Enzyme-Based Electrodes Enzymes in Physiological Samples Industrial Products and Processes. Ethanol. Flow Injection Analysis Principles Detection Techniques. Food and Nutritional Analysis Alcoholic Beverages. Forensic Sciences Alcohol in Body Fluids. Immunoassays, Techniques Enzyme Immunoassays. Lipids Determination in Biological Fluids. Pesticides. Process Analysis Bioprocess Analysis. 

Today other substances can be used and they are now referred to as date-rape drugs and there is widespread belief that this type of crime is quite common. It isn t. Clinical analysis of the urine or blood of women who claim to have fallen victim to their use, shows that very few have in fact been deliberately drugged. Most have passed out unconscious because they have drunk too much alcohol. In 2005, Michael Scott-Ham and Fiona Burton of the Forensic Science Service, London, reported in the Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine the results of a 3-year study. They analysed 1014 cases of alleged date rape but found that only 21 of the victims (2%) had had their drink deliberately spiked. On this basis, of the 500 such cases reported annually in the UK, only 10 are actual date rapes. In the USA there are more than 250,000 reported rapes per year, but how many of these are drug assisted is not known, although on a comparable basis of 2% it would mean around 5,000. What was discovered in the UK survey was that while alcohol had caused most of the... 

Proteins and enzymes are also of interest in forensic science. In this context, it is possible to mention acetaldehyde-protein adducts, which can be used as potential markers of alcoholism. Another application is... 

Heath MJ, Pachar JV, and Martinez ALP (1992) An exceptional case of lethal disulfiram-alcohol reaction. Forensic Science International 56 45-50. 

Forensic science Drugs, poisons, blood alcohol, narcotics... 

The fact that useful spectra can be obtained from polymers in various forms, from fibers which cannot be studied by transmission techniques, from other intractable materials, from aqueous solutions, etc., should make this technique useful in many disciplines. The use of ATR for the study of the chemistry of surfaces should be further explored in biochemical applications, for example, deposition of monolayers from solution (see, for example, Sharpe, 1961, 1965). The ATR technique has been used for analysis of bacterial cultures (Johnson, 1966) and in forensic science (Denton, 1965). It has also been applied to a great variety of substances molecular species present at electrode interfaces (Hansen et al., 1966 Mark and Pons, 1966) carbohydrates (Parker and Ans, 1966) a single crystal of pentaerythritol (Tsuji et al., 1970) cosmetics on the skin (Wilks Scientific Corp., 1966) pesticidal traces (Hermann, 1965a) water-alcohol mixtures (Malone and Flournoy, 1965) nitrate ion (Wilhite and Ellis, 1963) leather (Pettit and Carter, 1964) and blood spectra from within the human circulatory system (Kapany and Silbertrust, 1964)l The last-mentioned application requires special equipment. 

Iten, P.X. Meier, M. (2000). (3-Hidroxybutyric acid. An Indicator for an alcoholic ketoacidosis as cause of death in deceased alchol abusers. Journal of forensic Science. 45,3,624-632. 

Jones, AW. Schuberth, J. (1989) Computer aided headspace gas chromatography applied to blood alcohol analysis importance of online process control. Journal of forensic science. 34,5,1116-1127. 

Pounder, D.J. Stevenson, R.J. Taylor, KK (1998). Alcoholic ketoacidosis at autopsy. Journal of forensic science. 43, 812-816. 

Senkowski, C.M. Thompson K. A. 1990). The accuracy of blood alcohol analysis using gas chromatography when performed on clotted samples. Journal of forensic science. 35, 1,176-180. 

Thomsen, J.L. Felby, S. Theeilade, P. Nielsen, E. (1995). Alcoholic ketoacidosis as a cause of death in forensic cases. Forensic Science International. 75,2-3,163-171. 

With such a diversity of topics, some overlap between articles is inevitable and, indeed, desirable. Each article is intended to be self-contained, but extensive cross-references are included to enable further information on particular topics to be found elsewhere in the encyclopedia. Even in articles where there might, at first sight, scope for duplication, it will be seen that each article has its own distinct perspective. For example, there are articles on ethanol, on forensic sciences, determination of alcohol in body fluids, and on food and nutritional analysis, alcoholic beverages, but it can readily be seen that the emphasis in each article is very different. 

This involves the detection of foreign substances in the blood and is a major field in forensic science, forensic toxicology. It includes analysis for different medicinal toxins, narcotics, etc. The determination of blood alcohol concentrations takes on particular importance due to road traffic regulations and the social repercussions of alcohol intoxication. 

Following ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC) was one of the first instrumental techniques to help in solving forensic science problems. The early very successful applications included the determination of blood alcohol by direct injection of blood or serum, and the detection and identification of petroleum products in debris from arson cases in 1958/59. The breakthrough of GC in these areas and in drug analysis was an event of the 1960s and the 1970s. 

The federal government operates numerous specialized forensic science laboratories. The U.S. Department of Justice oversees the FBI, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), all of which have forensic science laboratories. These laboratories offer analytical services to local and state law enforcement agencies and conduct research to develop new analytical tools and technologies to advance forensic science. 

Immunoassays combine chemistry and immunology to test for specific analytes. Immunoassays detect antibody-antigen reaction. These tests are used in forensic science to analyse biological specimens for the presence of alcohol, drugs, toxins and poisons, and to determine causes of death in criminal investigations. 

Himter, C. E., R. J. Lokan, M. C. Longo, J. M. White and M. A. White (1998). The prevalence and role of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants in non-fatal crashes. Forensic Science, Department for Administrative and Information Services. Adelaide, Southern Australia. 

Although the identification and quantitation of drugs, e.g., narcotics and alcohol blood levels, are of forensic interest, the major impact of analytical pyrolysis in forensic science is in the identification of complex natural and synthetic substances such as blood, skin, hair, wood, soil, fibers, plastics, and waxes, which might be associated with a suspect and found in the scene of the crime. 

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