Transmission technique

Considering existing microscopical techniques, one can find that non-destmctive information from the internal stmcture of an object in natural conditions can be obtained by transmission X-ray microscopy. Combination of X-ray transmission technique with tomographical reconstmction allows getting three-dimensional information about the internal microstmcture [1-3]. In this case any internal area can be reconstmcted as a set of flat cross sections which can be used to analyze the two- and three-dimensional morphological parameters [4]. For X-ray methods the contrast in the images is a mixed combination of density and compositional information. In some cases the compositional information can be separated from the density information [5]. Recently there has been a... 

The result from the work shows that we can obtain good approximations of the attenuation values using pulse echo ultrasound. This indicates that it will be possible to replace the through-transmission technique by a pulse echo technique. 

The prediction of drop sizes in liquid-liquid systems is difficult. Most of the studies have used very pure fluids as two of the immiscible liquids, and in industrial practice there almost always are other chemicals that are surface-active to some degree and make the pre-dic tion of absolute drop sizes veiy difficult. In addition, techniques to measure drop sizes in experimental studies have all types of experimental and interpretation variations and difficulties so that many of the equations and correlations in the literature give contradictoiy results under similar conditions. Experimental difficulties include dispersion and coalescence effects, difficulty of measuring ac tual drop size, the effect of visual or photographic studies on where in the tank you can make these obseiwations, and the difficulty of using probes that measure bubble size or bubble area by hght or other sample transmission techniques which are veiy sensitive to the concentration of the dispersed phase and often are used in veiy dilute solutions. 

For Comp B of slightly lower density, Jameson and Hawkins (Ref 4) measured 266 Pq 1 284 kbar using a shock transmission technique. The aquarium method of Rigdon and Akst (Ref 6) gave 294< PCJ- 304kbar for a Comp B of slightly higher density than that of Ref 3. Clearly K. am let s complaint is well justified, since measured PCJ for Comp B vary from 266 to 312 kbar ... 

A method derived from the transmission technique, spectrographic birefringence, overcomes the problem of multiple birefringence orders [18]. It can be noted from Equation (23) that the transmission minima and maxima occur at a... 

RA and transmission techniques [3], and applied it to the studies of LB films of cadmium stearate [3], azobenzene-containing long-chain fatty acids and their barium salts [4], dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) [5], and polyion complexes [6]. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between the molecular orientation evaluated by this method and pyroelectricity in alternating (noncentrosymmetric) Y-type LB films consisting of a phenylpyrazine-containing long-chain fatty acid and deuterated stearic acid and of their barium salts [7]. 

Solid state spectra can be measured by the Attenuated Total Reflectance or Multiple Internal Reflection methods as well as by simple transmission techniques (222). Brooker (223) has reported the discovery of the translational vibrations of NaN02, NaNOs, and CaCOs (calcite). The orientation of the bonds in (U02)(N0s)2. 6 H2O has been ascertained from the spectra obtained in this manner (223). 

The light transmission technique [3] is based on the fact that the fraction of light transmitted through a gas - liquid dispersion is related to the interfacial area and the length of the light pass, irrespective of bubble size. 

Method of Determining Foam Levels. A gamma ray transmission technique was used to determine liquid levels and density profiles and also to establish the presence of foam in vessels and pipework... 

Miller and associates (M4) measured the interaction rate in a liquid-liquid two-phase batch reactor by means of a light transmission technique, which has the advantage that it can be used with the aqueous phase or the organic phase dispersed. 

TIRF at solid/liquid interfaces was introduced by Hirschfeld l49). Although this first use of TIRF was the study of bulk dissolved fluorescein in the vicinity of a fused silica-electrolyte interface, a number of advantages over the conventional transmission technique were demonstrated ... 

Drop size distribution can be indirectly measured by using the light-transmission technique. When a beam of light is passed through a gas-liquid dispersion, light is scattered by the gas bubbles. It was... 

The light transmission technique is most frequently used for the determination of average bubble size in gas-liquid dispersion. It has the advantages of quick measurement and on-line operation. The probes are usually made of mirror-treated glass rods (Vermeulen et al., 1955), internally blackened tubes with mirrors (Calderbank, 1958), or fiber optic light guide (Hong and Lee, 1983). 

This was true in the above study, where the antisymmetric MC and MCI bands were almost undetectable in some cases, and in order to carry out a complete vibrational analysis it would also be desirable to obtain the infrared spectrum. It has been pointed out that this is difficult using transmission techniques because oxides are such strong IR absorbers at low frequency. However, the extraction of weak signals which are superimposed on an intensely absorbing background can sometimes be realized using a highly sensitive dispersive or Fourier transform spectrometer. 

These are summarized as follows (i) DRS is a good quantitative technique (ii) DRS in the near-infrared often allows to resolve species whose bands overlap in the fundamentals region (iii) the sample preparation, handling, and optics enclosing the sample vessels are often simpler and more expedient than when using conventional transmission techniques. 

A gamma-ray transmission technique was used by Calderbank (1958) to determine the point gas holdup. The application to holdup measurements depends on the relationship... 

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