High-capacity batteries

Performance. Alkaline manganese-dioxide batteries have relatively high energy density, as can be seen from Table 2. This results in part from the use of highly pure materials, formed into electrodes of near optimum density. Moreover, the cells are able to function well with a rather small amount of electrolyte. The result is a cell having relatively high capacity at a fairly reasonable cost. 

Water is not used in the reaction. Therefore, these cells have a very high capacity, exceeding that of zinc—manganese dioxide batteries (Table 2). 

Spontaneous low resistance internal short circuits can develop in silver—zinc and nickel—cadmium batteries. In high capacity cells heat generated by such short circuits can result in electrolyte boiling, cell case melting, and cell fires. Therefore cells that exhibit high resistance internal short circuits should not continue to be used. Excessive overcharge that can lead to dry out and short circuits should be avoided. 

The work presented in this chapter involves the study of high capacity carbonaceous materials as anodes for lithium-ion battery applications. There are hundreds and thousands of carbonaceous materials commercially available. Lithium can be inserted reversibly within most of these carbons. In order to prepare high capacity carbons for hthium-ion batteries, one has to understand the physics and chemistry of this insertion. Good understanding will ultimately lead to carbonaceous materials with higher capacity and better performance. 

In lithium-ion battery applications, it is important to reduce the cost of electrode materials as much as possible. In this section, we will discuss hard carbons with high capacity for lithium, prepared from phenolic resins. It is also our goal, to collect further evidence supporting the model in Fig. 24. 

The Zinc-air battery is more expensive than the dry cell and deteriorates relatively quickly once it is exposed to air. High capacity and a cell potential that does not vary with use offset these disadvantages. Like the dry cell, a zinc-air battery uses zinc for the anode reaction. Uniquely among batteries in common use, this battery relies on molecular oxygen from the atmosphere for its cathode reaction. 

The high capacity, low power zinc-air cells from the types ZV500 and ZV3000 are used as a power supply of navigation buoys in Baltic see for more than 10 years. Batteries from these cells operate for more than 1 year continuously. Zinc-air cells from the same types are successfully used in Bulgarian Himalayan expeditions (Lhotze 1981, Everest 1984 and Anapuma 1986) as power supply of the telecommunication system and electric light at the base camp. It must be underlined that in these cases the zinc-air cells... 

Zheng, L., Zhong Q., and Dahn J.R. High-Capacity Carbons Prepared from Phenolic Resin for Anodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 211-214 (1995). 

The rolled type batteries are general-purpose batteries with high capacity and good characteristics. Thin film power sources have found a number of specific applications in the fields of portable accumulators with high energy density for application in electronic and integral circuits, sensors, monitors and for medicine [3],... 

This paper has attempted to present a comprehensive review of literature on separators used in various batteries. It is evident that a wide variety of separators are available and that they are critical components in batteries. In many cases, the separator is one of the major factors limiting the life and/or performance of batteries. Consequently, development of new improved separators would be very beneficial for the advanced high capacity batteries. 

G.T.K. Fey, D.C. Lee, and Y.Y. Lin, High-capacity carbons prepared from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer for use as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 119-121 39-44, June 2003. 

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