Foil envelops

Annealing procedure A piece of SPS in the Na form, dried at 60 C in vacuum over P2O5 overnight, was placed in an aluminum foil envelope and heated at 280 C during 30 min, after which it was immersed in water. 

In a third experiment the Cl4-gibberellin was applied at the cotyledon node. The solution was held in place by lanolin, which was covered with an aluminum-foil envelope. 

Foil envelops Acts as barrier for storing lateral flow tests... 

The dimensions and properties of the lamp envelope are based on the discovery that the volume of Hg is critical for the effective UV operation [43]. Higher Hg pressures result in the need to use higher MW power levels. To focus the MW field efficiently into the EDL a special Cd low-pressure lamp with a metal antenna (a molybdenum foil) was developed by Florian and Knapp [44],... 

The sample was in the shape of a slab of 10.03 x 3.38 x 0.43cm3 and a mass m = 19.88 g. The Torlon slab was enveloped in a 7 xm Cu foil glued on the whole sample area by means of a thin layer of diluted GE 7031 Varnish in order to get an isothermal sample. The internal thermalization time of the enveloped sample was evaluated to be [32] ... 

As regards the sample, it is compulsory to use a treatment-resistant packaging, such as a plastic multi-layer envelope, or aluminium foil. When a rigid material (glass or metals) is preferred, a compressibility space must exist inside the packaging, otherwise the pressure is not transferred and the material could break. The container should be filled as much as possible, to reduce the empty space in order to minimize the stress imposed during the steps of pressurization and depressurization. 

Envelope and presentation tablets. Single foil-sealed tablets are attached to an envelope card labelled with full instructions for use and precautions. Several envelope cards are packed in a single outer carton labelled with full instructions for use and precautions. 

The positron source, 120 kBq of Na, was deposited onto a Kapton foil covered with identical foil and sealed. The foil 8 pm thick absorbed 10% of positrons in polyimides Ps does not form and annihilation in the source envelope gave one component only = 374 ps, which must be taken into account. The source was sandwiched between two samples of the material studied and placed into a container in a vacuum chamber. The source-sample sandwich was viewed by two Pilot U scintillators coupled to XP2020Q photomultipliers. The resolution of our spectrometer with a stop window broadened to 80% (in order to register the greatest number of three-quantum decays) was 300 ps FWHM. The finite resolution had no influence on the results of our experiment as FWHM was still comparable to the channel definition At = 260 ps.The positron lifetime spectra were stored in 8000 channels of the Tennelec Multiport E analyser. 

Clear transparent foils, which are used as covers for documents, are in wide use as are polystyrene windows in letter envelopes. These may be directly scanned with the AFM and rescanned after irradiation. The changes are initially on the nanometer scale—and nanostructures can be formed and found quite easily. This has been done with a commercial styrene//-propyl-acrylate copolymer which was purchased in 1975 and which had abrasive... 

A schematic drawing of the experimental set-up is shown in fig. 1 a. The sample, properly enveloped in a thin aluminium foil, so as to avoid leakage of material while in the molten state, (see fig. 1 b), and sandwiched between two identical flat metallic slabs, is heated to a suitable high temperature in a nitrogen fluxed environment. 

With the use of ETFE-foils in the building envelope of impressive large-scale projects such as the Allianz Arena in Munich built in 2005, or the Olympic stadium and swimming pool in Beijing built for the Olympic Games in 2008, the material and construction method have once more been moved into the spotlight of the public s architectural interest. 

The 2760 rhombic ETFE-foil cushions form the stadium envelope of the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany (Fig. 6.15), measuring 74,000 m. The two-layered ETFE-foU cushions exhibit a maximum dimension between axes of approximately 4.5 by 16.5 m.The innovative form, structure and lighting of the stadium envelope irrevocably established ETFE-foils as an architecturally and constructively interesting material in structural engineering. 

In the immediate vicinity, the Olympic Stadium (Fig. 6.19) was newly constructed for the Olympic Games 2(X)8. The envelope of the stadium between the very massive steel beams is formed - with reference to the system of the AWD-Arena in Hanover (see Fig. 6.16) - by a single-layer ETFE-foil membrane with cable support. The two Olympic buildings, the Swimming Stadium and the Olympic Stadium, led to further establishment of foil construction in Asia. 

The evaluations show that the ETFE-foil construction method had a distinct concentration in Europe in the years between 1980 and 2006. Over 90% of the foil projects were built in Europe. In the last few years, however, increased application of foils as building envelopes can be observed in Asia. The backlog of demand in this region in the field of foil construction is obvious. The Summer Olympic Games 2008 in Beijing with the construction... 

In comparison to conventional materials for building envelopes, the heat insulation of ETFE-foil cushions is only moderate. It could be improved by using a dual-chamber system with a third middle layer and separated layers at the anchoring profiles (c/ Fig. 6.5 positions 5 and 6). A three-layer ETFE-cushion with two separated chambers achieves a U-value of approximately 2.0 W/m K. Hence, with separated or more layers the U-value can be improved. 

Today, building envelopes and structural elements have to take on a variety of central functions. They determine the energy consumption and fundamentally dominate the overall impression of a building from a design perspective. In terms of the functional and architectural requirements of the building envelopes, ETFE-foils offer interesting application possibilities. 

It becomes clear that ETFE-foil structures can fulfil many of the future aims and requirements for building envelopes. Furthermore, many new additional and innovative fields of application open up through the use of ETFE-foUs. Thus, increasing application potential can be forecast for the use of ETFE-foils. However, a decisive factor in the further application and development of ETFE-foils is the differentiated consideration of their mechanical behaviour within the structural calculation. Research and tests of recent years have deepened knowledge of the complex mechanical behaviour of ETFE significantly. 

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