Lamp envelop

Aluminosilicate glasses are used commercially because they can be chemically strengthened and withstand high temperatures. Thus apphcations include airplane windows, frangible containers, lamp envelopes, and flat panel display devices. 

Electrical. Glasses are used in the electrical and electronic industries as insulators, lamp envelopes, cathode ray tubes, and encapsulators and protectors for microcircuit components, etc. Besides their abiUty to seal to metals and other glasses and to hold a vacuum and resist chemical attack, their electrical properties can be tailored to meet a wide range of needs. Generally, a glass has a high electrical resistivity, a high resistance to dielectric breakdown, and a low power factor and dielectric loss. 

The dimensions and properties of the lamp envelope are based on the discovery that the volume of Hg is critical for the effective UV operation [43]. Higher Hg pressures result in the need to use higher MW power levels. To focus the MW field efficiently into the EDL a special Cd low-pressure lamp with a metal antenna (a molybdenum foil) was developed by Florian and Knapp [44],... 

The tungsten-halogen lamp operates in a very specific mode, dependent on the detailed chemistry of the atmosphere within the lamp enclosure. The lamp envelope is normally a thin quartz bulb, filled with an inert... 

Sunlamps A sunlamp is similar to a black lamp, except that a different type of phosphor is used and the lamp envelope transmits UV. Figure 16.5 shows a typical spectral distribution from a commercial sunlamp. The wavelength corresponding to maximum power is shifted to lower wavelengths (— 310 nm), compared to black lamps, and there is significant intensity down to 270 nm. However, the intensity decreases rapidly above 330 nm. The mercury lines can again be seen superimposed on the phosphor fluorescence. 

The accompanying drawing is taken from the basic US patent 3535063. Pertinent callouts are (2) lamp envelope, (8) initiating assembly, (10) metal tube, (12) wire anvil.,... 

For irradiation at 254 nm a low pressure mercury vapor arc lamp is used. The 185 nm light emitted by these lamps is absorbed by the lamp envelope and the vessel containing the sample. Ninety percent of the remaining light is at 254 nm and, if desired, the other weak spectral lines in the UV and visible can be removed with the appropriate filter (see below). As the pressure of vapor inside a mercury lamp is increased the 254 nm line becomes weaker relative to other spectral lines because of self-absorption. Useful emission in the 300 to 400 nm range is obtained from medium... 

An article by Riehl and Maupin (4) illustrates one of these problems (Fig. 1). In this figure, the lamp was operated for a period of time (burn-in time) to stabilize its output, after which the loss of a small portion of the emission spectrum was noted. This loss can most likely be attributed to the normal aging of the lamp and establishment of equilibrium of all components within the lamp envelope. All... 

The early attempts of Rhodes and Reid [55] to sinter transparent lamp envelopes began with an attempt to sinter pure Y203. It had been learned... 

---