Fobbing

Estimated production capacity for the Japanese producers is 77,000 t/yr for the American producers, about 70,000 t/yr and for the European producers about 50,000 t/yr (104). The Hst prices for the monomer have increased dramatically over the past 15 years, according to the ChemicalM.arketing Reporter (105). In 1975 the price for 50% solution was 0.903/kg, compared to 1.68/kg in December 1990 (100% basis, FOB plant). The sohd crystalline monomer always demands a premium price because of the added cost of production, and sold in December 1990 for 2.27/kg compared to 1.09/kg in 1975. There are at least 35 supphers of acrylamide monomer most of them obviously are repackagers. 

The 1993 prices and values of fertilizer products consumed in the United States are summarized in Table 16. The prices given are fob production sites or principal terminals thus costs to farmers are greater by virtue of shipping and handling costs and local dealer profits. 

The tabulation of plant nutrient costs, by product, ia Table 16 shows the principal reasoa for the popularity of anhydrous ammonia as a fertilizer ia the United States. The fob price per ton of nitrogen in the form of ammonia is less than half that for any other nitrogen product. Also, ammonia s relatively high nitrogen content of 82.2% favors low transportation costs, in spite of the need for specialized handling equipment and procedures. 

The prices for acid-grade fluorspar dry basis from Mexico and the RepubHc of South Africa for 1993 were Mexican spar, fob Tampico,... 

In the United States, prices for tartaric acid have ranged from 1.10 to 6.61/kg since the early 1970s with Httie consistency. The 1993 Hst price of tartaric acid in the United States was 6.50/kg fob plant packaged in 100-lb (45.5-kg) bags (39). Much of the fluctuation is a result of the availabihty of raw materials for production. 

Economic Aspects. U.S. production of chloronitrobenzenes in 1993 was 54,431 metric tons per year of which 19,099 metric tons were the ortho isomer and 35,332 metric tons the para isomer. The meta isomer is not isolated in U.S. production. The bulk, fob prices of o- and / -chloronitrobenzene were 1.72/kg and 2.01/kg, respectively. Chloronitrobenzenes are manufactured by Du Pont and Monsanto Co. 

Dinitrochlorobenzene is used primarily in the manufacture of azo dyes other areas include the manufacture of fungicides, mbber chemicals, and explosives. It is produced by Eastman Kodak Company and Sandoz Chemical Corporation and its bulk fob price is 2.73/kg. 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene is more toxic than nitrobenzene. It is an extremely powerful skin irritant and must be handled with great cate. 

Economic Aspects. Annual 1993 U.S. production of the mononitrotoluenes is 26,000 metric tons, with about 16,120 metric tons of the ortho isomer, 780 metric tons of the meta isomer, and 9,100 metric tons of the para isomer. The prices of (9-, m-., and -nitrotoluene in bulk fob are 1.15/kg, 2.54/kg, and 3.64/kg, respectively. The mononitrotoluenes are manufactured by Du Pont and First Chemical Corp. 

Economic Aspects. When trimellitic anhydride was introduced in semicommercial quantities in 1962, it was priced at 1.19/kg. The price was reduced to 0.55/kg as it became available in commercial quantities in 1968. The mid-1994 price was quoted as 2.31/kg from Amoco, fob, the JoHet, Illinois plant. A price history is given in Table 32. Although trimellitic anhydride production and sales figures are not available, the pubUshed U.S. Tariff Commission s production data for trimeUitate esters provides data for the trimellitic anhydride demand trend in the United States, since the largest single use of trimellitic anhydride is for the trimeUitate esters (115). These data are given in Table 32. 

Average price, freight on board (fob) mine, based on sales. Excluding soluble and chemical muriates. 

Ammonia and urea prices from 1968 to 1986 are shown in Figure 22 (82). The average FOB price of ammonia on the U.S. Gulf Coast in early 1991 was 105/t. 

In Japan, sulfamic acid is produced and suppHed in crystal form. It is packaged in 25-kg net weight paper bags and in 600-kg, 700-kg, and 750-kg resinous dexible containers. The tmddoad price (fob Japan) is 1—2/kg. Three principal uses of sulfamic acid are in chemical cleaning, as sulfonation reagent, and for use in synthetic sweetener. 

Three grades of granular and powdered bode acid are manufactured in the United States. In July 1990, cadoad (ca 91 metric ton) prices per metric ton of granular boric acid were technical-grade, 805 NF-grade, 1562 and special quaHty-grade, 1892. AH prices are fob plant for matedal packed in 45.4-kg multiwaH sacks (33). 

Economic Aspects. Table 13 summarizes prices and shipping methods for the principal borate products as of January 1991. Within the United States most shipments are by rail, and additional charges are made for spHt cars, tmck shipments, palletized shipments, etc. Prices are fob Southern California. In general, the borates are stable soHds and require no special handling techniques with the possible exception of dust collection. 

The cost, however, has remained fairly steady in constant dollars. In 1984, colemanite was priced at about 226/1 fob Turkey. In 1989 Turkish colemanite was 484 per metric ton fob Kings Creek, South Carolina from importer American Borate Co. (6). 

The representative price is the company-reported value per metric ton, fob mine or plant. 

As in the case of the chloroformates, most of the carbonate production is used captively and production figures are not available. However, from pubHshed data, the 1991 price (fob works) of commercial carbonates was 3.08/kg for both dimethyl (DMC), dmms, tmcHoad and diethyl (DEC), tankwagon (89). 

The weighted average values fob underground and surface mines decreased from 28.24/1 iu 1984 to 23.99/t iu 1990 (2). Underground mine prices decreased from 36.66/t to 31.51/t, whereas surface mine prices dropped from 22.70/t to 18.72/t. 

Processed diatomite powders and aggregates in the United States range in price from 20 to 225/1 for products in carload quantities. Materials for speciali2ed apphcations, which are sold in small volumes and require special processing, range up to 900/t in carload quantities. All of these prices are fob the diatomite plant. 

Published Cost Correla.tions. Purchased cost of an equipment item, ie, fob at seller s site or other base point, is correlated as a function of one or more equipment—size parameters. A size parameter is some elementary measure of the size or capacity, such as the heat-transfer area for a heat exchanger (see HeaT-EXCHANGETECHNOLOGy). Historically the cost—size correlations were graphical log—log plots, but the use of arbitrary equation forms for correlation has become quite common. If cost—size equations are used in computer databases, some limit logic must be included so that the equation is not used outside of the appHcable size range. 

In 1989, the estimated United States consumption of synthetic polyisoprene was 51,000 metric tons, and of natural mbber 890,000 metric tons (84). The price for synthetic i7j -l,4-polyisoprene, namely, Natsyn 2200, Natsyn 2205, or Natsyn 2210 in the United States in August, 1992, was 1.98/kg in carload or tmckload quantities fob at Beaumont, Texas (87). The price of synthetic /n j -l,4-polyisoprene from Kuraray Co., Ltd. in the United States was 21.80/kg in 545-kglots (88). 

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