Laser confocal fluorescence microscopy

Tsuda et al. found the same fluorescence at = 600 nm in a giant vesicle in a card-packed azobenzene arrangement. The noisy appearance of their fluorescence trace (if not due to the technique of confocal laser microscopy), however, suggests a very low emission intensity. Both Shinomura and Kunitake and Tsuda et al. report time-dependent orientation phenomena on Z-E isomerization in the supramolecular arrangement, which is reflected in the fluorescence intensity. So the former general statement that azobenzene-type azo molecules do not emit needs to be modified. 

Kristiansen, K.A., Jensen, P.E., Mpller, I.M., Schulz, A., 2009. Monitoring reactive oxygen species formation and localisation in living cells by use of the fluorescent probe CM-H2DCFDA and confocal laser microscopy. Physiol. Plant. 136, 369—383. 

Penetration, silver fir (Abies alba. Mill.), urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive, degree of condensation, epi-fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)... 

The extent of lumen penetration into earlywood, latewood and wood rays is preferably determined by examination of the cross section of the bondline, and many techniques have been successfully used for this purpose light microscopy [29, 30], transmitted and reflected microscopy [31-33], (epi-)fluorescence microscopy [2, 10, 26, 31, 34-40], fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) [34, 41 5], scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [32, 46 8], transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [49-52], SEM in combination with an energy-dispersive analyzer for X-rays (SEM/EDAX) [43, 53], X-ray microscopy [54], autoradiography [11] or combination of different microscopy techniques [55]. Kamke... 

The average depth of radial penetration of urea-formaldehyde adhesive resins into beech tissue decreases with higher degree of condensation of these resins. Penetration hence depends on the ratio between the average anatomical diameters of tra-cheids and vessels and the average size of the adhesive molecules. Epi-fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for the determination of adhesive penetration into wood tissue. 

In a dual-color cross-correlation fluorescence spectroscopy (DCCFS) experiment [46], a sample containing two fluorophores with different emissions in each molecule was irradiated with two lasers (or with one laser) to perform simultaneous excitation of the fluorophores. The DCCFS in combination with the confocal laser microscopy allows the separation of microscopic volume with two different fluorophores from volume with only one of them and, therefore, the monitoring of dissociation of the dual-labeled molecules or association of two single-labeled molecules. Optical setup as realized in an inverted microscope to perform simultaneous excitation of the fluorophores (Figure 11.14). 

The labelled fibres were thoroughly washed with PBS and distilled water before mounting on glass slides and examination either by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus BX50, Olympus Optical Co, UK) or by confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) (Bio-Rad 2000). 

N.C. Rudd, S. Cannan, E. Bitziou, L. Ciani, A.L. Whitworth, P.R. Unwin. Fluorescence confocal laser scaiming microscopy as a probe of pH gradients in electrode reactions and surface activity. Anal Chem. 77 6205 (2005). 

Tekola, P Baak, J. P A. Belien, J. A. M. Brugghe, J. Highly sensitive, specific, and stable new fluorescent DNA stains for confocal laser microscopy and image processing of normal paraffin sections. Cytometry 1994,17,191-195. 

Mounting media any available permanent resinous medium for DAB/hematoxylin-stained preparations fluorescence-free aqueous mounting media for fluorescence or confocal laser microscopy (e.g.. Fluorescent Mounting Medium, Dako). 

After thermal de-waxing, some parafiin microparticles may remain in the sections, which significantly degrade the quality of preparations after their embedding into a hydrophilic medium and complicate their examination using fluorescent and confocal laser microscopy. 

Bhawalkar J D, Swiatkiewicz J, Pan S J, Samarabandu J K, Liou W S, He G S, Berezney R, Cheng P C and Prasad P N 1996 Three-dimensional laser scanning two-photon fluorescence confocal microscopy of polymer materials using a new, efficient upconverting fluorophore Scanning 18 562-6... 

McConnell, G. (2004). Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy with a visible continuum source. Opt. Express 12, 2844—50. 

Verhaegh, N.A.M., and van Blaaderen, A. (1994) Dispersions of rhodamine-labeled silica spheres synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence confocal scanning laser microscopy. Langmuir 10, 1427-1438. 

Quader H. Formation and disintegration of cistemae of the endoplasmic reticulum visuahsed in hve cells by conventional fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy evidence for the involvement of Ca2+ and the cytoskeleton. Protoplasma 1990 155 166-175. 

Eukaryotic cells utilize an efficient transport system that delivers macromolecules fast and secure to their destination. In the case of the small GTP binding proteins of the Ras family the modified C-terminus seems to be sufficient for addressing the polypeptide to its target membrane (in the case of Ras itself the plasma membrane). Lipopeptides with the C-terminal structure of N-Ras (either a pen-tamer with a C-terminal carboxymethylation and farnesylation or a heptapeptide with a palmitoyl thioester in addition) and a N-terminal 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-l,3-diazolyl (NBD) fluorophore were microin-jected into NIH3T3 fibroblast cells and the distribution of the fluorophore was monitored by confocal laser fluorescence microscopy. Enrichment of the protein in the plasma membrane was efficient only for peptides with two hydrophobic modification sites, while the farnesylated but not palmitoylated peptide was distributed in the cytosol.1121... 

---