Laser confocal microscopy

Yomo, Urabe and coworkers (Yu et al, 2001), for example, reported the expression of a mutant GFP (actually the pET-21-GFPmutl-His6 mutant) in lecithin liposomes. Large GFP-expressing vesicles, prepared by the film hydration method, were analyzed using flow cytometry as well as confocal laser microscopy. 

Analyze by FACS or by pipeting the cells onto a microscope slide for confocal laser microscopy. 

LCM preferentially interact with tumor cells in vivo Data from confocal laser microscopy... 

Keogh, M. K. and Auty, M. A. E. (1998). Assessment of food ingredient functionality using laser microscopy (the use of confocal laser microscopy in food ingredient evaluation). From http //www.relayresearch.ie/subapplications/teagasc/Doc (retrieved January 8,... 

Tsuda et al. found the same fluorescence at = 600 nm in a giant vesicle in a card-packed azobenzene arrangement. The noisy appearance of their fluorescence trace (if not due to the technique of confocal laser microscopy), however, suggests a very low emission intensity. Both Shinomura and Kunitake and Tsuda et al. report time-dependent orientation phenomena on Z-E isomerization in the supramolecular arrangement, which is reflected in the fluorescence intensity. So the former general statement that azobenzene-type azo molecules do not emit needs to be modified. 

Kristiansen, K.A., Jensen, P.E., Mpller, I.M., Schulz, A., 2009. Monitoring reactive oxygen species formation and localisation in living cells by use of the fluorescent probe CM-H2DCFDA and confocal laser microscopy. Physiol. Plant. 136, 369—383. 

In a dual-color cross-correlation fluorescence spectroscopy (DCCFS) experiment [46], a sample containing two fluorophores with different emissions in each molecule was irradiated with two lasers (or with one laser) to perform simultaneous excitation of the fluorophores. The DCCFS in combination with the confocal laser microscopy allows the separation of microscopic volume with two different fluorophores from volume with only one of them and, therefore, the monitoring of dissociation of the dual-labeled molecules or association of two single-labeled molecules. Optical setup as realized in an inverted microscope to perform simultaneous excitation of the fluorophores (Figure 11.14). 

By confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry Kolleck et al. (2002) showed that type 11 cells accumulate protein-labelled high-density lipoprotein... 

Several other modern techniques are also available to investigate the state of the suspension Freeze-fracture and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and confocal laser microscopy. 

Fig.17.5. a Stable solution of Doxorubicin-eluting beads (PRECISION Beads) in saline. Note that red-colored doxorubicin does not leak outside the bead, b Confocal laser microscopy image, showing doxorubicin distribution in the bead. Progressive sectioning shows that the drug is concentrated in the outer portions of the bead. (Courtesy of Andy Lewis, Biocompatibles, UK, Ltd, Surrey, UK)... 

The labelled fibres were thoroughly washed with PBS and distilled water before mounting on glass slides and examination either by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus BX50, Olympus Optical Co, UK) or by confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) (Bio-Rad 2000). 

The foundations of confocal scanned imaging in light microscopy have been reviewed [24]. Other reviews deal with confocal microscopy [106,107] and confocal laser microscopy [108]. CLSM has also been reviewed [109], in particular also for polymer science [110]. Several (hand)books on confocal microscopy [92,93,111] and on CSFM [92,111] are available. An early report on scanning laser microscopy has appeared [98] and history has been described [95]. 

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