Fluorescent confocal microscopy

Bhawalkar J D, Swiatkiewicz J, Pan S J, Samarabandu J K, Liou W S, He G S, Berezney R, Cheng P C and Prasad P N 1996 Three-dimensional laser scanning two-photon fluorescence confocal microscopy of polymer materials using a new, efficient upconverting fluorophore Scanning 18 562-6... 

How do calixarenes enter cells To answer this question Matthews, Mueller and co-workers prepared a soluble calix[4]arene with quaternary ammonium groups on the upper rim and a fluorescent label on the lower rim [35], Following the progress of the compound by fluorescence confocal microscopy it was apparent that molecules were not transported across the membrane by normal endocytosis mechanisms, nor did they penetrate the cell nucleus but remained in the cytoplasm. This would seem to point to a membrane bound channel as the point of entry and paves the way for an array of therapeutic interventions. 

Fig. 4.7 Fluorescence confocal microscopy images of the systems TM1 in contact with acetonitrile and in contact with Ca2+ (10 4 M, acetonitrile) (left). Profiles of cross sections of the images of TM1 before (a) and after (b) addition of Ca2+ (right).33 Reprinted with permission from35. Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society...

A related fluorescent-HA-PTX conjugate showed cell-specific binding and uptake using flow cytometry and fluorescent confocal microscopy, indicating direct correlation of uptake with selective toxicity (53). 

In contrast, a conventional one-photon excited fluorescent confocal microscopy shows no signal beyond about 10 pm in the bulk. 

Moving to smaller scales, fluorescent confocal microscopy has been used to detect and count... 

Undesired effects in fluorescence confocal microscopy can be corrected by ratio imaging. Rati-oing (i.e., the compensation of two channels by digital division) can substantially reduce cross-talk effects in double detectors [63]. Environmental markers indicating the pH value or the level of free calcium ions (Ca"" ) also require ratio imaging to compensate for structural densities or section thickness [19]. 

Figure 31.3 Fluorescence confocal microscopy images of an ellipsoidal vesicle (5 pm small axis, 8 pm large axis) of phospholipid (B) (T = 298K, pH = 7.0, =551 nm, 2em =...

Figure 3.8 As-synthesized water wax Si02 core-shell particles obsenred by fluorescence confocal microscopy at different magnifications. The white arrow underlines the double-core internal water-in-wax interface.

To really assess the presence of water in between the internal wax core and the surrounding silica shell, we have performed observations using fluorescent confocal microscopy. For this purpose we have synthesized wax water Si02 core-shell particles comprising fluorescent hydrophilic molecules dissolved in water as probes (Figure 3.11). 

Figure 3.11 Fluorescent confocal microscopy observations using the hydrophilic Rhodamine 6G fluorescent probe. Part (a) is a global view, whereas parts (b) and (c) are images taken at a higher magnification with (b) white light and (c) the same with the appropriate filters. The...

Fluorescent nanoparticles, such as CdSe QDs, have been used to probe fluid-fluid interfadal nanopartide segregation, as well as the relationship between nanopartide size and various droplet characteristics, including nanopartide transport across the interface, in-plane interfadal mobility, and phase separation of different-sized nanoparticles. Fluorescence confocal microscopy is particularly useful for observing the stmrture and behavior of QD-stabilized... 

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