Fluid catalytic cracking catalyses

Modification of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysis by the Addition of ZSM-5... 

Nowadays, based on the amount of processed material, hydrotreating is the largest process in heterogeneous catalysis. On the basis of catalysts sold per year, hydro-treating ranks third after automotive exhaust and fluid catalytic cracking [R. Prins, V.H.J. de Beer and G.A. Somorjai, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 31 (1989) 1]. 

Most of the commercial zeolite catalyzed processes occur either through acid catalysis fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), aromatic alkylation, methanol to olefins (MTO),... 

Bayraktar, O., and Kugler, E. Characterization of Coke on Equilibrium Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts by Temperature-Programmed Oxidation. Applied Catalysis A General 233 (2002) 197-213. 

Magnabosco, L. Ehinciples of SOx Reduction Technology in FCCUs. Fluid Catalytic Cracking VII, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Vol. 166, 254—305. Amsterdam Elsevier, 2007. 

Metals Passivation" in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Sciene and Technology Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, vol. 76,1993 Elsevier Science Publishes B.V. J.S. Magee and M.M. Mitchell Jr.t editors. 

Young,G, In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Science and Technology, Magee, J.S. Mitchell, M.M., Eds. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, Vol. 76, pp. 257... 

Congress on Catalysis, Budapest, Hungary, 19-24 July, 1992 edited by L. Guczi, F. Solymosi and RTetenyi Volume 76 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Science andTechnology edited by J.S. Magee and M.M. Mitchell, Jr. 

The use of CeOs-based materials in catalysis has attracted considerable attention in recent years, particularly in applications like environmental catalysis, where ceria has shown great potential. This book critically reviews the most recent advances in the field, with the focus on both fundamental and applied issues. The first few chapters cover structural and chemical properties of ceria and related materials, i.e. phase stability, reduction behaviour, synthesis, interaction with probe molecules (CO. O2, NO), and metal-support interaction — all presented from the viewpoint of catalytic applications. The use of computational techniques and ceria surfaces and films for model catalytic studies are also reviewed. The second part of the book provides a critical evaluation of the role of ceria in the most important catalytic processes three-way catalysis, catalytic wet oxidation and fluid catalytic cracking. Other topics include oxidation-combustion catalysts, electrocatalysis and the use of cerium catalysts/additives in diesel soot abatement technology. 

R. Mann, Fluid catalytic cracking Some recent developments in catalyst particle design and unit hardware. Catalysis Today 75 509 (1993). 

Microporous and, more recently, mesoporous solids comprise a class of materials with great relevance to catalysis (cf. Chapters 2 and 4). Because of the well-defined porous systems active sites can now be built in with molecular precision. The most important catalysts derived from these materials are the acid zeolites. The acid site is defined by the crystalline structure and exhibits great chemical and steric selectivities for catalytic conversions, such as fluid catalytic cracking and alkane isomerization (cf. Chapter 2). In Section 9.5 we discuss the synthesis of zeolites and, briefly, of mesoporous solids. 

The majority of catalysts are subject to deactivation, e.g. to changes (deterioration) of activity with operation time. The time scale of deactivation depends on the type of process and can vary from a few seconds, as in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), to several years, as in, for instance, ammonia synthesis. Due to the industrial importance, the modelling of deactivation was mainly developed for heterogeneous catalysis. Although the reasons for deactivation (inactivation) of homogeneous and enzymes could differ from solid catalysts, the mathematical approach can sometimes be very similar. 

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