Flue gas scrubbing

Flue gas handling Flue gas scrubber Flue-gas scrubbers Flue-gas scrubbing FlueUite Fluent... 

Prevention and Control Hardware Equipment and technology descriptions Dry and wet control hardware NO, control and application of pollution prevention technologies Flue gas scrubbing and control technologies Incineration and high temperature technologies... 

Calcium carbonate (hmestone) slurry, in flue gas scrubbing, 11 717 Calcium channel blockers, 5 116-135 arylalkylamines and benzothiazepins, 5 116-117, 118-120t 1,4-dihydropyridines, 5 124-129t Calcium channels, 5 85-86... 

AG° is the standard Gibbs free energy for the reaction at 298°K R is the ideal gas constant and T is 298°K. Since the actual temperature of most slurries or solutions in flue gas scrubbing applications usually does not exceed 50°C, the value of the equilibrium constant can be determined at some temperature other than 298°K by using the van t Hoff equation... 

For the concentrations of dissolved species encountered in flue gas scrubbing applications, the equilibria must be formulated in terms of activities rather than molalities. The activities, molalities, and activity coefficients are related by... 

Table I. Equilibria Present in Flue Gas Scrubbing Slurries for the Lime or Limestone Processes...

Calculation of Supersaturation Ratios of Flue Gas Scrubbing Slurries... 

The absorption of sulfur dioxide into flue gas scrubbing slurries is enhanced considerably because of the reactions of dissolved sulfur dioxide with various dissolved alkaline species. The alkaline species of interest are the following ions and ion-pairs OH-, SO", HCO-, CO--, MgS0°, MgC0°,... 

The most significant chemical equilibria present in flue gas scrubbing slurries are outlined. Expressions for temperature dependent equilibrium constants are presented that are suitable for the temperature ranges encountered in scrubbing applications. Expressions for activity coefficients of ions and ion-pairs are presented that are suitable for the ranges of ionii strengths encountered for this type of applications. 

Sommar, J., Lindqvist, 0.. and Stromberg, D. Distribution equilibrium of mercury (11) chloridebetween water and air applied to flue gas scrubbing. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 50(9) 1663-1666, 2000. 

Flue gas scrubbing also has high capital and operating costs associated with it, but also offers PM control. An additive-only solution is almost always the least expensive option when including both capital and operating expenses for SO, reduction depending on the feed sulfur. SO, reduction additives can also be effectively used in conjunction with one of the other solution options. For example, several refiners with FCC feed hydrotreaters use a SO, reduction additive to trim the SO, emissions to the required 25 ppm level rather than to hydrotreat the FCC feed more severely or to install a flue gas scrubber. The optimum choice for a given unit is often site specific. 

The production of sulfur values by electric utilities after 1986 is based on projections of electric output by utilities and assumptions related to regenerable flue gas scrubbing. The results should be viewed as speculative. The U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) has modeled five energy scenarios for the period 1977 through 1995 only three appear plausible given the rapid rise of energy prices. 

It is also doubtful that the industry will be in a position for many years to come to undertake sulfur removal from residual fuels solely to improve product quality. A number of consumer industries demand low sulfur fuel oils, but these special requirements can at present be met more appropriately by selection of crude rather than by adoption of desulfurization processes. In general industrial use, it is corrosion and atmospheric pollution that are the main disadvantages of high sulfur content. But there is no sign yet of the development of a cheap desulfurization process, the cost of which can be substantially offset by the gain in efficiency resulting from permissible lower stack temperatures or by the elimination of flue gas scrubbing equipment previously necessary for reduction of sulfur dioxide content. 

Sodium bicarbonate is widely used in the food industry, in making rubber in pharmaceuticals as an antacid in fire extinguishers, soap and detergents, rug cleaners, animal feeds, and textiles in leather preparation in soap, detergent, and paper manufacturing for flue-gas scrubbing and for many other diversified small-scale uses. 

Satriana (2) provides a summary of the development of flue gas treatment technology. The first commercial application of flue gas scrubbing for sulfur dioxide control was at the Battersea-A Power Station [228 MW(e)] in London, England, in 1933. The process used a packed spray tower with a tail-end alkaline wash to remove 90 percent of the sulfur dioxide and particulates. Alkaline water from the Thames River provided most of the alkali for absorption. The scrubber effluent was discharged back into the Thames River after oxidation and settling. A similar process was also operated at the Battersea-B Power Station [245 MW(e)] beginning in 1949. The Battersea-B system operated successfully until 1969, when desulfurization efforts were suspended due to adverse effects on Thames River water quality. The Battersea-A system continued until 1975, when the station was closed. 

Mcllvaine Scrubber Manual Volume 4, Flue Gas Scrubbing, The Mcllvaine Company, Northbrook, 111., October, 1978. 

Investigation of non-ferrous metal chelates that can efficiently absorb NO and provide stability toward oxidation. Many cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, osmium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium and vanadium chelates have been demonstrated to be able to coordinate NO. Their application to flue gas scrubbing systems should be explored. 

Korischem and Werner [49, 50] simulated the procedures of flue-gas scrubbing of an industrial waste combustion plant. Their model considered the mass and heat transfer process between gas and liquid phase by neglecting the solids present in the suspension. 

Emissions from biomass-fueled boilers can be controlled by a variety of methods. The control systems needed depend mainly on the composition of the feedstock. First, good combustion control is essential to maximize combustion and to minimize emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Efficient removal of particulate matter in the flue gases can be achieved by various combinations of cyclonic separation, electrostatic precipitation, agglomeration, and filtration. Removal of acid gas emissions can be achieved by flue gas scrubbing and treatment with lime. There are several approaches to the control of NO, emissions (Clearwater and Hill, 1991). Combustion control techniques include use of staged combustion, low excess... 

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