Flower removal

Jansky, S. H., Thompson, D. M. (1990). The effect of flower removal on potato tuber yield. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 70,1223-1225. 

Fig. 6. Influence of flower removal on cytokinin flux in soybean root exudate...

The drug is collected in summer at flowering, removed from older stems, and dried in the shade. 

As pointed out in Chap. 5, replacing simple columns by complex columns tends to reduce the vapor (and heat) load but requires more of the heat to be added or removed at extreme levels. This means that the introduction of complex columns in the design might prejudice heat integration opportunities. Thus the introduction of complex distillation arrangements needs to be considered simultaneously with the heat integration. This can be carried out manually with some trial and error or using an automated procedure such as that of Kakhu and Flower. ... 

Essentia.1 Oils. Essential oils (qv) are extracted from the flower, leaf, bark, fmit peel, or root of a plant to produce flavors such as mint, lemon, orange, clove, cinnamon, and ginger. These volatile oils are removed from plants either via steam distillation, or using the cold press method, which avoids heat degradation. Additional processing is sometimes employed to remove the unwanted elements from the oils, such as the terpenes in citms oils which are vulnerable to oxidation (49,50). 

Concretes. Concretes are produced by extraction of flowers, leaves, or roots, usually with hydrocarbon solvents. After removal of the solvent by distillation, the concrete is obtained as a thick, waxy residue. Such materials are used in some fine fragrances, but the waxes they contain can give rise to solubihty problems. Eor this reason, concretes are often dissolved in alcohol to make tinctures, or in other low odor diluents. Production of concretes, especially flower concretes, usually takes place where the botanicals are grown since the odors of such materials deteriorate rapidly after harvesting. 

In an important next step, it has been found that flowers and other plant parts can be analyzed by using head space techniques without removing them from the living plant (3). It was immediately observed that there are remarkable differences in the volatile compositions observed from Hve and picked flowers. This is exemplified for jasmine flowers in Table 3. Reconstitutions produced from this information have provided perfumers with novel and fresh notes for use in their creations. This technique continues to be appHed to many kinds and varieties of flowers, leaves (herbs, spices), and fmits. The reasons for the remarkable differences observed are not known. 

An idea of the possibilities is given by the old high-school chemistry experiment with sulphur crystals ("flowers of sulphur"). A 10 ml beaker is warmed up on a hot plate and some sulphur is added to it. As soon as the sulphur has melted the beaker is removed from the heater and allowed to cool slowly on the bench. The sulphur will... 

Orange Irees re< jivo plenty of air and light to enable them to I esist ihe allacks ot parasitic insects and varions diseases to which they are suhjecl. Pruning is carried out in Mav or dnuc. atler Ihc flowering period. The inner branches are carefully removed, also dead wood and decayed giorvib-... 

The dense fluid that exists above the critical temperature and pressure of a substance is called a supercritical fluid. It may be so dense that, although it is formally a gas, it is as dense as a liquid phase and can act as a solvent for liquids and solids. Supercritical carbon dioxide, for instance, can dissolve organic compounds. It is used to remove caffeine from coffee beans, to separate drugs from biological fluids for later analysis, and to extract perfumes from flowers and phytochemicals from herbs. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide avoids contamination with potentially harmful solvents and allows rapid extraction on account of the high mobility of the molecules through the fluid. Supercritical hydrocarbons are used to dissolve coal and separate it from ash, and they have been proposed for extracting oil from oil-rich tar sands. 

At about four months gestation, mesenchymal cells emanating from the central hyaloid vessel at the optic disc invade the inner layers of the retina. These endothelial complexes develop into capillaries as vascularization proceeds anteriorly in all directions towards the ora serrata from the optic nerve. As this progresses, so the embryonic hyaloid vessels in the vitreous undeigo regression. These retinal vessels do not, however, reach the most anterior portion of the retina until 8 months gestation and the anterior temporal retinal periphery, ferthest removed from the optic nerve, is not vascularized until about full term (Flower and Patz, 1971). 

Elder flower infusion can simply be poured over the hair and scalp after a shampoo to brighten fair hair and condition dry hair. To make an antidandruff hair rinse, boil a quarter of water, remove from heat and add 4 handfuls elder blossoms. Allow to steep 1 hour. Strain and add 1 quart of apple cider vinegar. Bottle and store in refrigerator. After shampooing, leave on as a final rinse. 

Elder stems with their pith removed make a nesting site for solitary bees. This is helpful near fields of alfalfa, where the presence of bees aids plant pollination. Elder s summer flowers provide an important source of nectar for many insects. Swallow-tailed... 

Safflower, also known as bastard saffron, is a yellow dye that has been used for well over three millennia, having been identified in fabrics from the Egyptian twelfth dynasty. It is derived from the safflower plant, carthamus tinctoria, native to southern Asia and the Middle East. The coloring matter in the plants is a mixture of two components one is yellow, known as safflower yellow B the other, carthamin, is red. Safflower yellow B dissolves in water when fresh safflower flowers are washed with acidulated water. Evaporating the water from the filtered solution leaves the dye as a residue in the form of a powder. Following removal of the yellow component, the red constituent of safflower, carthamin, can be extracted from the flowers by washing them with hot water. In the East, carthamin was widely used in the past, mainly for making cosmetic preparations. 

Examples of inhibitors of chromatin function derived from flowering plants (Fig. 80) are etoposide (lignan) and alkaloids camptothecin, Vinca alkaloids, and 7 epitaxol. The rhizome of Podophyllum peltatum L. (May apple, Berberidaceae) has been used to remove warts and to relieve the bowels from costiveness since very early times. It contains podophyllo-toxin, a cytotoxic lignan from which etoposide (Vepesid ), which is used to treat lung cancer, lymphomas, and leukemias on account of its ability to inhibit the activity of... 

Flower shaped crystalline deposit on the surface of the solid non-crystalline mass of platinum sulphide was probably due to the precipitation of elemental sulphur, which deposited as a floral growth on the non-crystalline platinum sulphide precipitate. Ultrasonic irradiation seemed to have broken tender sulphur flakes and cleaned the surface. The free sulphur, however, did not deposit further. This was probably due to the formation of other compounds of sulphur such as H2S, S02, etc. which could have been removed from the solution due to the phenomenon of degassing. 

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