Flowcharts process

Based on the selected flowcharts (process flow diagrams) one can make a first rough estimate of the costs of the new processes. Various standard methods for this are available, depending also on the company s systems for cost estimation. This part of Step 2 should not be forgotten, because it can clearly show the benefits of a new process in terms of costs, which is one of the main drivers for changes in processes. It also helps in ranking ideas. 

Drying Drying is often omitted from the flowchart process for conversion coating, bnt specifications reqttire a minimttm period (e.g. 24 hom ) for drying prior to application of primer. ... 

All five elements combine to help ensure that the tolling operation is performed safely, efficiently, and in an environmentally sound manner. The ultimate reward to industry for embracing applicable good practices presented in this guideline is a vibrant business with minimized risk. The flowchart on page 3 shows the basic process for tolling as presented in this guideline. 

Figure 3-1 provides a flowchart depicting the process described in this chapter. 

The flowchart on the next page shows an overview of steps for the pre-startup and startup phases of a typical tolling process. 

Figure 6.1 is a flowchart that shows a typical progression for closing a tolling process. 

Figure 5 is an example of a decision tree you may find useful when considering QRA for particular process safety applications. The decision tree illustrates a flowchart of questions you can ask yourself (or others) to decide how far through the process of risk analysis to go to satisfy a need for increased risk understanding. 

Figure 14-9 also shows a flowchart for analysis of wet and dry precipitation. The process involves weight determinations, followed by pH and conductivity measurements, and finally chemical analysis for anions and cations. The pH measurements are made with a well-calibrated pH meter, with extreme care taken to avoid contaminating the sample. The metal ions Ca, Mg, Na, and are determined by flame photometry, which involves absorption of radiation by metal ions in a hot flame. Ammorda and the anions Cl, S04 , NO3 , and P04 are measured by automated colorimetric techniques. 

Fig ure 5-1. Flowchart for reactor design. (Source R. Scott with N. Macleod, Process Design Case Studies." Used with permission of IChemE, 1992.)... 

This annex of the Rules contains a flowchart identifying the key stages in the audit process from the initial request for certification through to issue of the certificate. Pre-audit is not a documentation audit. Supplier must provide all required data prior to site visit. 

Process specifications Process flowchart Floor plan... 

Do display process flowcharts in strategic areas to remind staff of the relationships. 

The flowchart in Figure 18.1 shows an evaluation stage in the training process, but how do you do it ... 

Documenting the Process. The net effect of these steps is a process description, defined in terms of customers and suppliers and their interaction. Next, the team can summarize that description in the form of a process flowchart, to illustrate the roles and responsibilities of each process stakeholder (see Figure 6-8). This chart provides the basis for developing standard operating procedures, or other process documentation, that the company can incorporate into existing practices. 

Many of these applications require tasks or parts of a task to be categorized according to the SRK scheme. Although this is difficult in some cases, a simple flowchart may assist in this process. This is given in Figure 2.8. This assumes that the tasks will be performed by a worker of average competence. This assumption is necessary, since the actual mode that the task will be performed in (skill, rule, or knowledge) obviously depends on the characteristics of the individual (how well trained, how capable) as well as the task. 

As process plants become more complex, it becomes apparent that it is not possible to rely exclusively on the process worker s skills and memory required to perform the task. Job aids and procedures are devices which aim to reduce the need for human retention of procedures and references as well as the amount of decision making required. Job aids assume a variety of formats including flowcharts, checklists, decision tables, etc., while procedures refer to other systems of documentation such as standard operating instmctions and emergency procedures. 

FlC. I.—Typical process flowchart for beet sugar production. Note Variations occur from company to company extensive recycling is not shown. 

Fio. 2.—Typical process flowchart for (A) production of raw sugar at a cane factory (or mill), and (B) production of white cane sugar at the cane refinery. Note Variations occur from company to company extensive recycling is not shown. 

This flowchart shows the conversion processes among the number of motes, the mass, and the number of atoms for a sampie of an eiement. 

The flowchart in Figure 3-15 outlines the process. From masses of products, determine masses of elements. Then convert masses of elements to moles of elements. From moles of the elements, find the empirical formula. Finally, use information about the molar mass to obtain the molecular formula. 

Follow the four-step process described in the flowchart. Begin with the Lewis structure. Use this stracture to determine the steric number, which indicates the electron group geometry. Then take into account any lone pairs to deduce the molecular shape. 

Figure 2.1. Flowchart of analysis process for siting process plant buildings.

FIGURE 33 Smelting flowchart. The chart shows, in diagrammatic form, the sequence of metallurgical processes required for extracting metals from their ores from the initial mining of metalliferous ores to the final refining of the smelt metals. 

In this study the environmental impacts are calculated for the use of 1 m2 cushion vinyl floor covering, with a lifetime of 15 years (in LCA terms called the functional unit). Figure 1 shows the process flowchart for the production, use and waste disposal of a cushion vinyl floor covering. Cushioned flooring is produced by spread coating. The glass fibre is used as a substrate. Several layers, each with its... 

Mass-energy flowchart of the HyPr-RING process. (Adapted from Shiying, L., Michiaki, H., Yoshizo, S., and Hiroyuki, H., Energ. Convers. Manag., 46,869-880,2005.)... 

A typical flowchart for a chelate process is shown in Fig. 2.6.46 In this process, titanium isoproproxide is first added to zirconium butoxide. Acetic acid is then added to the precursor mixture for suppression of hydrolysis. Finally, lead acetate is then added to the solution, followed by the addition of alcohol and water for control of solution viscosity, solution stability, and oligomer formation.46... 

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