Zirconium butoxide

A typical flowchart for a chelate process is shown in Fig. 2.6.46 In this process, titanium isoproproxide is first added to zirconium butoxide. Acetic acid is then added to the precursor mixture for suppression of hydrolysis. Finally, lead acetate is then added to the solution, followed by the addition of alcohol and water for control of solution viscosity, solution stability, and oligomer formation.46... 

Sulfated zirconia sol was prepared by placing 10 g of ethanol and 10 g of zirconium butoxide (80%) into a flask under magnetic stirring at room temperature, followed by adding a mixture of 6.5 g of ethanol, 1.5 g of distilled water, and 5 g of H2SO4 (18 M). 

The metal salts of alcohols are called alkoxides, M(OR), where M is a metal and R is an alkyl group. Typical examples in the synthesis of ferroelectric thin films include titanium isopropoxide [Ti(OPr )4 where Pr represents isopropyl], tantalum ethoxide [Ta(OEt)5 where Et represents ethyl], and zirconium butoxide butanol [Zr(OBu )4 n-BuOH where Bu represents -butyl], an alkoxide/alcohol compound. The structure of this compound, shown in Figure 27.3a, illustrates its dimeric nature, that is, the fact that each molecule contains two metal centers. 

FIGURE 27.3 Examples of metallo-organic precursors commonly used in the fabrication of ferroelectric perovskite thin fihns (a) zirconium butoxide butanol (b) schematic of the 2-methoxyethoxy ligand bonded to a metal center (c) barium acetate (d) the acac ligand and (e) the mixed-ligand precursor titanium bis-acac diisopropoxide. After Schwartz et ah ... 

About 20.0 mmol of 1,12-diaminodecane was dissolved in 100 cm of 2-butanol. To this solution, 0.55 mol of zirconium butoxide was added dropwise under magnetic stirring, until a new solution was formed, after which, 76.0 mmol of 1,8-diaminooctane, previously dissolved in 300 cm of deionized water, was immediately added, under magnetic stirring to the diaminodecane— zirconium butoxide solution. The powder was stirred for 3.0 min and then aged for 48 h (at room temperature, i.e., 27°C, after which it was washed with 300 cm of deionized water, followed by 300 cm of dry ethanol. 

PZT thin films can be prepared using a solution of zirconium butoxide [Zr(0"C4H9)4] and titanium propoxide [Ti(0"C3H7)4] in 2-methoxyethanol (CH3OCH2CH2OH) mixed with lead acetate trihydrate [(CH3C02)2Pb-3H20] that is also dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol. 

Zirconium butylate. See Zirconium butoxide Zirconium calcium oxide. See Calcium zirconate... 

Ammonia Dibutyltin maleate Dibutyltin oxide Fluorosulfonic acid Phosphine Sodium ethylate Sodium hydride Tetrabutyl titanate Tetraisopropyl titanate p-Toluene sulfonic acid Zirconium butoxide catalyst, condensation reactions Dibutyltin diacetate Piperidine catalyst, conductive polymers Iron (III) toluenesulfonate catalyst, conversion of acetylene to acetaldehyde Mercury sulfate (ic) catalyst, copolymerization Di butyl ether catalyst, cracking Zeolite synthetic... 

Glyoxal/urea/formaldehyde condensate Glyoxal/urea polymer insolubilizer, textile finishing agents Zirconium butoxide insolubilizer, vinyl polymer Methacrylatochromic chloride instrument housings Phenol-formaldehyde resin instrument indicator fluid Mercury... 

Glycidyl coconate Glycidyl laurate Glycidyl, safflowerate Glycidyl soyate surface-treatment agent, glass Ethyl silicate Zirconium butoxide surfactant... 

Zinc di-n-butyl dithiophosphate Zinc dibutyl dithiophosphorate Ci6H3604Si Tetra-n-butoxysilane Ci6H3 04Zr Zirconium butoxide Cl6H360sSi... 

Zr(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4 Chemical formula of Zirconium -butoxide Zr0(N03)2-5H20 Chemical formula of Zirconyl nitrate Zr(OR)4 Chemical formula for a Zirconium alkoxide... 

The modification of silica gel with various metals is a simple and effective way to prepare ion exchangers that often have unique selectivities for analyte ions. Ohta et al. [49] described the preparation of a cation exchanger in which silica gel was first immersed in zirconium butoxide, Zr (OC4H9)4. Then the material was calcined (heated) at temperatures up to 1000 °C to form a sihca-zirconia product An excellent separation of all the alkaU metal ions plus ammonium was obtained with 10 mM tartaric acid as the eluent. Divalent metal cations were strongly retained. 

In another report, silica pillars with Si" substituted by AP, Ti" +, and Zr + were prepared between the silicate layers of octosilicate by intercalation of octylamine into the H form before mixtures of TEOS and aluminum-tri-sec-butoxide (or tetraethyl orthotitanate and zirconium butoxide) were added [202,203]. 

Although studies on the complexity and volatility of alkoxo derivatives of a few elements (B, Si) had been carried out, as early as 1846, attention towards these properties was focused" " in 1950 by the exttaordinary volatility of Zr(OBu )4 which distilled at about 54° C under 0.1mm pressure in contrast to the much higher boiling temperature (243°C/0.1 mm) of Zr(OBu")4. This marked difference in the volatility of the two isomeric zirconium butoxides was explained on the basis of molecular complexity values of 3.5 and 1.0, respectively, for the Zr(OBu )4 and Zr(OBu )4 in refluxing benzene. 

For the preparation of PZT ceramic by the sol-gel method, many precursors are available, but the typical process employs titanium isopropoxide, zirconium propoxide, and lead acetate [91]. In some syntheses, zirconium -butoxide was also used as a Zr source [90]. 

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