Flow rate fluid package

To allow the IV fluid to infuse over a specified period, the IV flow rate must be determined. Before using one of the methods below, the drop factor must be known. Drip chambers on the various types of IV fluid administration sets vary. Some deliver 15 drops/mL and others deliver more or less than this number. This is called the drop factor. The drop factor (number of drops/mL) is given on the package containing the drip chamber and IV tubing. Three methods for determining the IV infusion rate follow. Methods 1 and 2 can be used when the known factors are the total amount of solution, the drop factor, and the number of hours over which the solution is to be infused. 

To assess the release by this scenario, it is necessary to evaluate the rate of release from the package, the flow rate of the underground fluids, the speciation and solubility of the differrat radionuclides and their diffusion (migration) rates. 

In a new case in Pro/ll, add all components involved, for the fluid package select the Peng-Robinson EOS, click on stream in the object pallet, and then click and drag in the PFD area. Double click on the stream and specify pressure as 1.5 atm, as a second specification, select Dew Point from the pull-down menu (Figure 1.6). Double click on flow rate and specify the molar composition of all streams. For total flow rate you can enter any value, for example, 1 kgmol/h (Figure 1.7). 

Open a new case in Hysys, select water for component, ASME Steam as fluid package, and then enter simulation environment. Build pipe flow sheet. Double click on feed stream and specify feed stream conditions. Double click on the pipe segment on the object palette, switch to the Rating page, and click on the Append Segment, and then add pipes and fitting as shown in Figures 2.46 and 2.47. 

Open a new case in Hysys. Add water as the pure component, and select ASME steam for the fluid package. Construct the pipe process flow sheet and specify the feed stream conditions. Double click on Pipe Segment on the process flow sheet, click on the Rating tab, and then click on Append Segment to add the pipe specification (length, nominal size, elevation, and fittings) as shown in Figures 2.58 and 2.59. 

The mass flow rate of a gas stream 100 kg/h of feed contains 60 wt% methane and 40% ethane at 20 bars and 35°C is being compressed to 30 bars (use PR fluid package). Determine the temperature of the exit stream in °C. 

Select a new case in Hysys. For Components, select ethanol and water for Fluid Package, select Non-Random Two Liquid (activity coefficient model), NRTL, and then enter the simulation environment. From the object palette, select Mixer and place it in the PFD area. Create two in let streams and connect one exit stream. Click on stream 1 and enter 25°C for temperature, 5 atm for pressure, and 100 kmol/h for molar flow rate. In the composition page enter the value 0.2 for ethanol and 0.8 for water. Click on stream S2 and enter 25°C for temperature and 5 atm for pressure to ensure that both the ethanol and water are in the liquid phase, and 100 kmol/h for molar flow rate. In the composition page, enter 0.4 for ethanol and 0.6 mole fraction for water. To display the result below the process flow sheet, right click on each stream and select the show table, double click on each table and click on Add Variable, select the component mole fraction and click on Add Variable for both ethanol and water. Remove units and label for stream 2 and remove labels for stream 3. Results should appear like that shown in Figure 3.2. 

Aspen is capable of modeling chemical reactions. It can handle single and multiple reactions. Material balance can be done in the stoichiometric reactor, Rsto/c from Reactors in the model library. Click on Material Streams, and connect the inlet and product streams. Click on Components and choose the components involved. Peng-Robinson EOS is selected as the thermodynamic fluid package. Doubleclick on the conversion reaction block. Click on the Specification tab enter pressure as 1 atm and temperature as 25°C. Then click on the Reactions tab, click on New and enter the components involved in the reaction, stoichiometric coefficient, and fractional conversion as shown in Figure 3.13. Close the stoichiometric windows and then double click on the inlet stream, specify temperature, pressure, flow rate, and composition. Click Run and then generate the stream table as shown in Figure 3.14. 

According to manual calculation, the cold water outlet temperature was 45°C. The results obtained match with the values obtained from Hysys, PRO/II, Aspen Plus, and SuperPro software. Selection of a suitable fluid package is very important to obtain the correct results. Also, providing the sofware with correct values of temperature, pressure, flow rate, and composition will lead to obtain the right solution. 

PFR and CSTR in PRO/II can work for liquid and vapor phases only consequently, it must be declared that all components involved in the reaction are vapor and liquid phases (solid should be excluded). After selecting component click on Components Phases, and change the components phase to liquid and vapor only. From the Thermodynamic Data select BWRS which is the most suitable thermodynamic fluid package for such components. Build the PFR process flow sheet and specify inlet stream conditions (760°C, 162 kPa). The inlet mass flow rate of acetone is 7.85 kg/h. Under the Input menu, select Reaction Data, use the power law, and enter stoichiometric coefficients. Double click on the reactor in the PFD area and select the reaction set name. Click on Unit Reaction Definitions and specify the kinetic data as shown in Figure 5.21. Press Reactor Data, indicate 6.366 m for length and 1 m for the diameter (total volume of 5 m ). The process flow sheet and stream table properties are exposed in Figure 5.22. 

Select a new case in Hysys, add the components involved, and then select PRSV as a fluid package. Enter the simulation environment, select material stream, and specify feed conditions, that is, temperature, pressure, and flow rates. In the composition page specify the mole fraction of feed components or specify feed components molar flow rates by clicking on Basis (Figure 5.28). Specify the reaction stoichiometric coefficients after selecting the kinetic reaction type. In the reaction basis, specify reaction basis unit, rate units, and reaction phase. 

Build a simulation in HYSYS using water with a flow of 20 kmol h at 15°C and 1 atm as the oifly conponent and the Peng-Robinson equation of state as the fluid property package. Use the default tank volume of 2 m and specify liquid flow control on the Liquid Valve page of the tank unit operation. Calculate the flow out of the tank using Equation W2.1, which describes a linear valve, and then Equation W2.2, which describes a nonlinear valve. In both cases, the outlet flow rate is a function of the liquid head on the tank oifly. 

Denton has investigated the effect of the shape of the worrrrd package on the flow pattern inside individual packages. He advocated that cylirrdrical shaped packages have better flow characteristics than cones. This is a result of the shape of the flow in conical packages, which contains both axial and radial vectors. This can be seen in Fig. 1.5. He showed that the ratio of the rates of fluid flow... 

Effect of flow rate on the fluid flow velocity within the package... 

Fluid flow rate range with package inside Fluid flow rate range without package pFI measurement range... 

The dynamics of fluids in porous media have been the subject of numerous theoretical and experimental studies because of their importance for engineering and environmental applications. In package dyeing, the dye liquor or air must be distributed evenly within a package and also between one package and another. This means that the fluid must flow at the same rate throughout the porous spaces of the fibrous assembly. This section briefly discusses the main features of porous media, the permeability of porous media and fluid flow patterns in yam packages. 

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