Flow injection spectroscopy

J. Ruzicka, C.H. Pollema, K.M. Scudder, Jet ring cell. A tool for flow-injection spectroscopy and microscopy on a renewable solid support, Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) 3566. 

Flow Injection Spectroscopy 3000 Requires preextraction Ensafi and Rezaei (1998)... 

Ruzicka, J. and E. H. Flansen. 1988. Flow Injection Analysis. New York, NY Wiley. Ruzicka, J. and G. D. Marshall. 1990. Sequential injection A new concept for chemical sensors, process analysis and laboratory assays. Anal. Chim. Acta 237 329-343. Ruzicka, J., C. H. Pollema, and. K. M. Scudder. 1993. Jet ring cell A tool for flow injection spectroscopy and microscopy on a renewable solid support. Anal. Chem. 65 3566-3570. 

Systems have been developed by some of the major spectrometer manufacturers to deal specifically with this type of application. These systems are designed with automation very much a priority. Typically, an integrated robot adds a predetermined volume of solvent to each of the wells and then injects the resultant solution into a flow line that transfers it into the spectrometer s probe, which is of course fitted with a flow cell. Spectroscopy can then be performed without the time constraints of the HPLC-NMR system and the sample returned to the well on the plate where it came from, or into a fresh one if required. 

Ni F., Sheng R.S., Cotton T.M., Flow-injection analysis and real-time detection of RNA bases by surface-enhanced Raman-spectroscopy, Anal. Chem. 1990 62 1958-1963. 

AgN03 = silver nitrate CICN = cyanogen chloride CN" = cyanide ion CNATC = cyanides not amenable to chlorination (Rosentreter and Skogerboe 1992) AAS = atomic absorption spectroscopy EPA = Environmental Protection Agency FIA = flow injection analysis GC/ECD = gas chromatograph/electron capture detector HCN = hydrogen cyanide NaOH = sodium hydroxide NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health... 

Ruzicka, J. Hansen, E. H. Flow-Injection Analysis, Wiley New York, 1981. Valcarcel, M. Gallego, M. Separation techniques. In Flow Injection Atomic Spectroscopy, Bruguera, J. L. Ed., Marcel Dekker New York, 1989. 

The philosophies for automation have been described in the foregoing sections. However, to solve an analytical problem there may well be more than one approach that offers potential. The Hterature abounds with methods that have been automated by flow-injection and by continuous-flow methodologies. Also, very often a procedure which involves several stages prior to the actual measurement can be configured by combining two of the approaches. An example of this is the automated Quinizarium system described by Tucker et al. [46]. This was a continuous extraction followed by a hatch extraction which is finally completed by a batch measurement on a discrete sample for quantification and measurement. Whereas sample preparation is almost always required, there is no doubt in my mind that the best approach to this area of activity is to avoid it totally. The application of near infra-red spectroscopy is an example of this strategy. 

For the routine determination of analytes in the quality control of the production of speciality chemicals, a combination of direct current plasma emission spectroscopy (DCP-OES) with flow injection analysis (FIA) has been used. Results obtained for the determination of boron, copper, molybdenum, tungsten and zinc in non-aqueous solutions have been published by Brennan and Svehla [3], The principle has been extended to other analytes, carrier liquids, and solvents, and the details of a fully automatic system have been described by Brennan et al. [4]. 

CONTENTS Preface, Joseph Sneddon. Analyte Excitation Mechanisms in the Inductively Coupled Plasma, Kuang-Pang Li and J.D. Winefordner. Laser-Induced Ionization Spectrometry, Robert B. Green and Michael D. Seltzer. Sample Introduction in Atomic Spectroscopy, Joseph Sneddon. Background Correction Techniques in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, G. Delude. Flow Injection Techniques for Atomic Spectrometry, Julian F. Tyson. 

Z. FANG in chapter 4 of "Flow Injection Atomic Spectroscopy", edited by J.L. Burguera, M. Dekker, New York, 1989. 

There are also several papers describing adsorption of quinoline. Sawamoto [143] have studied adsorption and reorientation of quinoline molecules at Hg electrodes by recording differential capacity-potential and differential capacity-time plots using the flow-injection method. Adsorption of quinoline was found reversible at any potential, with the possibility of reorientation of the molecules at the interface. Ozeld etal. [144] have studied adsorption, condensation, orientation, and reduction of quinoline molecules at pure Hg electrode from neutral and alkaline solutions, applying electrochemistry and Raman microprobe spectroscopy. The adsorbed quinoline molecules changed their orientation from the flat at —0.1 V > E > —0.3 V, to the upright at < —0.5 V. At potentials —0.3 V > > —0.5 V, both orientations were observed. Later, Ozeld et al. [145] have extended the studies on reorientation of quinolinium ions at the Hglacidic aqueous solution interface. For these conditions, the specific adsorption of quinoline was not observed. 

The first review [11] listed manuscripts published between 1987 and 1992, covering seven specific topics (general , chromatography, optical spectroscopy, fiber optics, mass spectrometry, chemometrics, and flow injection analysis), along with a section on needs for the future of in all, the first review included 507 references. Subsequent reviews were published in 1995 [12], 1999 [13], 2001 [14], 2003 [15], and 2005 [16]. The review series is an essential resource for scientists seeking information on specific methods in total, 2650 references covering more than 16 topics were catalogued by the authors. 

Mass spectroscopy Remote hyperspectral imaging Acoustically optical tunable filters Multidirectional flow injection sensor technologies... 

Belal et al [40] reported on the use of flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), coupled with ion-exchange, to determine EDTA in dosage forms. EDTA is complexed with either Ca(II) or Mg(II) at pH 10, and the excess cations retained on an ion-exchange resin. At the same time, the Ca(II) or Mg(III) EDTA complexes are eluted and determined by AAS. Calibration curves were found to be linear over the range of 4-160 and 2-32 pg/mL EDTA when using Ca(II) or Mg(II), respectively. The method could be applied to eye drops and ampoules containing pharmaceuticals. Another combined AAS flow injection system was proposed for the determination of EDTA based on its reaction with Cu(II). The calibration curve was linear over the range of 5-50 pg/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.1 pg/mL [41]. 

Capillary Electrophoresis with Flame Photometric Detection Chemical Weapons Convention Extracted Ion Chromatogram Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry Electrospray Ionization Flow Injection Analysis Flame Photometric Detector Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Gas chromatography International Union for Pure and... 

The earliest work reported in this field was by Burguera et al. [103], who applied a flow injection system for on-line decomposition of samples and determined metals (Cu, Fe, Zn) by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). The methodology involved the synchronous merging of reagent and sample, followed by decomposition of serum, blood, or plasma in a Pyrex coil located inside the microwave oven. This approach permits essentially continuous sample decomposition, drastically reduces sample processing time, and is suitable for those samples that require mild decomposition conditions (especially liquids). 

Haupt and co-workers have created a novel flow injection sensor by applying their 2,4-D MIP (see Section 20.2.5.10.) to the surface of ZnSe attenuated total reflectance crystals [50], In this way, binding of the template could be monitored using FT-IR spectroscopy in the 3500-500 cm region. Three bulk MIPs were... 

Arslan Z. and Paulson A. J. (2002) Analysis of biogenic carbonates by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Flow injection on-hne sohd-phase preconcentration for trace element determination in fish otohths. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372,116—7S5. 

Flow injection analysis is a continuous flow method in which highly precise sample volumes are introduced into a stream using segmented or unsegmented flow. The method must be accurate, precise and reproducible before it can be considered as a useful technique and the following test proves that this technique does meet all the requirements. Tyson [3], carried out several studies involving flow injection techniques and atomic spectroscopy with considerable success. 

Recently, ICH guidance Q6A has simplified the development of specifications in several ways, not the least of which is the clarification that impurities if already controlled in the API do not have to be controlled in the dosage form unless they are also degradants. For the release assay, this paves the way for simpler, but no less sophisticated methods that require minimal sample preparation. Thus, the future may bring a return to spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet/visible (LJV/vis) spectroscopy. There also may be increased use of other high-speed and high-precision techniques such as flow injection analysis (FIA) and near infrared (NIR) analysis. 

Gorlach, E. Richmond, R. Lewis, I. High-Throughput Flow Injection Analysis Mass Spectroscopy with Networked Delivery of Color-Rendered Results. 

B.F. Rocks, R.A. Sherwood, L.M. Bayford, C. Riley, Zinc and copper determination in microsamples of serum by flow injection and atomic absorption spectroscopy, Ann. Clin. Biochem. 19 (1982) 338. 

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