Flare system specification

This section provides a detailed example of flare system specification. This is an example of a formal design document that would be provided by the plant designer to a flare system vendor. The reader should consider this section as an example of the types of information and level of detail needed in specifying the system, however the format and organization might certainly be changed to suit the particular needs of the plant operations. 

It is recommended that eleven sections be included in such a document. These sections are  

Scope - An overall or brief description of the design and requirements. 

Applicable Codes, Standards and References - This information will help the supplier in his specification of design persformance and guarantees. 

Technical Requirments - These will define the performance specifications for the equipment supplied. 

---

This specification covers the minimum requirements for the process, mechanical and structural design, materials, fabrication, shop inspection testing and supply for a flare system. The knock-out drum will be by N P Refinery. 

The flare system furnished as standardized or proprietary equipment shall in general follow the intent of this specification, but may differ in some details by following Supplier s standards for design conditions. However, any difference in detail shall be in accordance with established Oil and Gas Industry Standard Practice. 

For specific details, consult a flare system design manufacturer. 

In industry practice, other than circular burners, flare tips such as slot burner, Coanda or tulip tips (Kaldair flare systems of John Zink Company), and multiple jet burners are also employed to meet specific flaring needs. Further investigations on elliptic and other noncircular shapes at different values of R need to be conducted in order to understand the applicability of such burners for flare tips. 

Pressure relief equipment includes relief valves, safety valves, rupture discs, piping, drums, vent stacks, pressure indicators, pressure alarms, pressure control loops, and flare systems. Process equipment is typically rated for specific pressure and temperature ranges. Engineering specifications... 

Product quality specification Contractual agreements Capacity and availability Concurrent operations Monitoring and control Testing metering Standardisation Flaring and venting Waste disposal Utilities systems... 

The type of safety valves employed (either conventional or others) in a specific collection system dictates the level of back pressure in that system. In flare headers where multiple discharges exist, each safety valve must be checked so that it does not exceed its allowable back pressure. 

Effects of performance changes, 201-203 Head curve for single pump, 198 Relations between head, horsepower, capacity and speed, 200 Temperature rise 207-209 Viscosity corrections, 203-207 Purging, flare stack systems, 535 Reciprocating pumps, 215—219 Flow patterns, 219 Specification form, 219 Relief areas, 437 External fires, 451, 453 Sizing, 434, 436... 

Specific types of relief devices are chosen for specific applications, such as for liquids, gases, liquids and gases, solids, and corrosive materials they may be vented to the atmosphere or vented to containment systems (scrubber, flare, condenser, incinerator, and the like). In engineering... 

System A collection of equipment assembled for a specific function within a process unit. Examples of systems include process gas, seawater, fuel gas, and high-pressure (HP) flare. 

Some of these uses are served by discrete units, such as fire starters, fuse trains, and heat cartridges, but the fire transfer systems of pyrotechnic items are generally integral components of a flare, smoke candle, etc., and are formulated and adapted to the specific function of bringing the main item to self-sustaining reaction after having been initiated themselves by a prime ignition system or a fire transfer line. 

Membrane units are highly attractive for very small production wells (<5 million scfd) due to their low installation and operation costs. Simple, single-stage membrane design is used at this scale where the membrane unit separates CO2 from the raw NG to achieve pipeline specification however, 10%-15% methane is also lost in the permeate stream, which is often flared [2,24]. For small-scale systems (5-40 million scfd), two-stage monbrane systems are used to reduce methaue loss. In this gas flow range, amine and membrane systons compete with the final choice depending... 

When no hazard exists, continued operation of the process is generally preferable to initiating an unnecessary shutdown. Shutdown can cause additional hazards, such as large flaring events or cascade shutdowns of other process units, and does result in the need to restart the process unit with all of its potential hazards. The decision to shut down versus continued operation is made by balancing the risk posed by the potential process hazard if a process demand occurs and the risk associated with shutdown and start-up. This decision is greatly influenced by the relative robustness of the SIS architecture and system utilities. The path can be selected at the channel, sub card, card, or CPU level of the system. The device safety manual may contain specific requirements that should be followed, unless a detailed analysis of the final system architecture demonstrates that deviation from the safety manual is acceptable. 

Like cetuximab, infliximab is a monse-hnman chimeric IgGlK mAb. With specificity for TNF, the antibody is used to treat autoimmune diseases snch as Crohn s disease and rheumatoid arthritis (Table 11.1) and there are a few reports of it indneing rapid recovery of lesions in several cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis (Sect. 3.63.1). A variety of reactions, both systemic and cutaneons, have been reported following administration of infliximab. These inclnde macnlopapular rashes, nrticaria, psoriasis, flare-np of atopic dermatitis. 

The use of IRCM flares is either pre-emptive or reactive. In the pre-emptive use, flares are deployed in a hostile environment in anticipation of a threat. Thus the release serves to reduce the contrast of the scene to impede lock-on and to make tracking of the actual target more diflicult. In the reactive mode, the actual target is already tracked by a seeker system and the flare aims to break the lock and to lure the missile away. In view of these necessities, the basic key requirements of decoy flares are the peak intensity, Jx(W sr ) and the rise time, dix/dt. A typical time/intensity specification for decoy flare defines rise time profile (d//dt), peak... 

IgE (3 X 10 units) is nearly equivalent to that for human IgE (1.7 X 10 units). Injection of omalizumab into the skin failed to elicit the wheal and flare reaction typical of mast cell degranulation, nor did it induce hive formation in monkey skin presensitized with human ragweed-specific IgE. Identical results were obtained when omalizumab was administered systemically. Doses as high as 50 mg/kg did not cause a systemic anaphylactic reaction confirming the safety of an anti-IgE binding free IgE at the same heavy chain site as EceRI. 

---