Flame retarded formulation

Table 1. Water-Soluble Flame-Retardant Formulations, % Composition...

Table 5. Molar Component Ratio Used in Flame-Retardant Formulations...

TABLE 3. WATER-SOLUBLE FLAME-RETARDANT FORMULATIONS," % COMPOSITION... 

Ammonium phosphates were first recommended for flame retarding theater curtains by Gay-Lussac in 1821. Mono- and diammonium phosphates, or mixtures of the two, are widely used to impart flame resistance to a wide variety of cellulosic materials such as paper, cotton, and wood.21 These salts have proven to be highly efficient at relatively low costs of application. They are also very effective in preventing afterglow. However, flame-retardant formulations based on these salts are generally nondurable, because they are water soluble and, therefore, are easily susceptible to leaching out from the material matrix. 

FIGURE 16.14 MFFS data for the PS flame retarded formulations measured in the RPA. The error bars represent a standard uncertainty of +lo. The data points labeled with a single number are the pure APP/PER (3 1) in PS, where the number refers to the mass fraction (%) of APP/PER. All two number labels (X-Y) refer to the mass fraction (%) of APP/PER (X) and organoclay (Y) in the APP/PER-15A-PS blends. 

Knop, S. Sicken, M. Hoerold, S. Flame retardant formulation. PCT US Patent 7,332,534 assigned to Clariant Produkte GmbH, 2008. 

ANTIBLaze 19T flame retardant is a special low viscosity grade of ANTIBLAZE 19 flame retardant formulated especially for textile treating requirements. ANTIBLAZE 19T flame retardant is formulated specifically for textile applications and is not suitable for use in polyurethanes or other plastic applications. 

No traces of curing agents were found, further indicating a complete curing reaction. Triphenyl phosphate flame retardant was also found in this analysis. Since devices of this type are predominantly mounted on wooden utility poles, a flame retardant formulation may provide a desirable operating margin in the event of an electrical failure. However, as shown in Figure 10-14, this same insulator was also found to contain polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), which are banned from manufacture or use in most countries. The analysis of this material protected the electric utility company from potentially inadvertent deployment of a hazardous material. 

Hexamethoxycyclotriphosphazene has been used as component in a flame-retardant formulation for lithium batteries. Flame retardant cotton could be obtained by treatment of cotton with N3P3(NhCH20H)6. Cyclophospha-zene-containing flame retardant formulations have been described. as well as the use of cyclic and polymeric phosphazenes in processing of silver halide photographic materials. 

PBDEs are a class of 209 chemicals that are distinguished by the average number and arrangement of bromine atoms in the molecule—ranging from one bromine atom (monobromodiphenyl ether or monoBDE) to ten bromine atoms (decabromodiphenyl ether or decaBDE). Until recently, the PBDE flame retardant formulations on the market were pentaBDE (five bromine atoms), octaBDE (eight bromine atoms), and decaBDE. PentaBDE and octaBDE were voluntarily removed from the market in 2003 (pentaBDE) and 2004 (octaBDE) by the manufacturer, Chemtura (formerly Great Lakes Chemical), when it became clear that these chemicals were targeted for elimination in Europe and certain states in the US. 

The demands on a flame retardant and thermoplastics formulated with such agents are manifold. The flame retardant should provide a durable flame-retarding effect by the addition of only small quantities of the additive it should be as cheap as possible and the manner of incorporation should be easy it should be nontoxic and should not produce fire effluents with increased toxicity it should not decompose at the processing temperatures it should not volatilize and smell and the mechanical, optical, and physical properties of the thermoplastics should be affected as little as possible. It is understandable that these far-ranging demands cannot be satisfied by only one flame retardant and for all thermoplastics with their manifold applications. One is therefore forced to seek the optimum flame retarding formulation for each thermoplastic and the specific application. Examples of typical formulations of several flame-retarded thermoplastics are given in Appendix A8. 

PVC cross-filler, flame retarded formulation. [Data from Jiang, q, KeUer, j,... 

When a PA is to be used in applications requiring self-extinguishing characteristics and flame retardant properties, it is necessary to resort to the addition of a flame retardant. Flame retardant formulations, known in the field of poly(ester)s, can be widely adapted to PAs. Brominated poly(styr-ene) in combination with an antimony compound, such as sodium antimon-ate, can be used." The performance is improved when a minor amount of calcium oxide is added. The thermal stability of these compositions is much better in comparison to formulations with magnesium oxide or zinc oxide. 

The unreinforced resins are used in housings that require excellent impact in moving parts such as gears, bearings, pulleys, and writing instruments. Flame retardant formulations find application as television, radio, electronics, business machines, and pump components. 

Green, J. Flame retardant formulating for new applications. Plast. Technol., 21, No. 8, 44 (1975)... 

Dow has produced a polycarbonate grade for liquid crystal display monitors, incorporating a silicone flame retardant. Formulations containing the silicone additive are said to have better impact strength and temperature resistance than those protected by phosphorus based flame retardants, and better heat and light stability than those containing brominated FRs. 

Dispersion agents promote improved dispersion of fillers. This can be especially useful when high loadings of alumina trihydrate are required for low smoke, halogen-free flame-retardant formulations, but can also be effective in obtaining optimum performance from an impact modifier. A small addition to the resin allows more filler to be added without increasing the viscosity. 

Stannates. Zinc stannate [12036-37-2], Alcan s FLAMTARD S, and zinc hydroxystannate [12027-96-2], FLAMTARD HS, are both white water-insoluble powders useful as smoke suppressants in PVC. They can partly replace antimony oxide as flame-retardant synergists in halogen-containing flame-retardant formulations, with reduced smoke (16,17). 

---