Flow injection-flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Fang et al. [661] have described a flow injection system with online ion exchange preconcentration on dual columns for the determination of trace amounts of heavy metal at pg/1 and sub-pg/1 levels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Fig. 5.17). The degree of preconcentration ranges from a factor of 50 to 105 for different elements, at a sampling frequency of 60 samples per hour. The detection limits for copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium are 0.07, 0.03, 0.5, and 0.05 pg/1, respectively. Relative standard deviations are 1.2-3.2% at pg/1 levels. The behaviour of the various chelating exchangers used was studied with respect to their preconcentration characteristics, with special emphasis on interferences encountered in the analysis of seawater. 

A number of applications of flow-injection techniques have been made to flame atomic absorption spectrometry [22]. Although manifolds can be connected directly to the nebuhzer, the response of the spectrometer is dependent on the flow rate of the sample into the nebuhzer [23], and some adjustment to the manifold may be required. The optimum flow rate for maximum response when the sample enters the nebuhzer as a discrete sample plug can be different from that found for analysis of a continuous sample stream. 

A. Moreno-Cid and M. C. Yebra, Flow injection determination of copper in mussels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after on-line continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 57(5), 2002, 967-974. 

Notes HG-AAS, Aydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry HG-AFS, /tydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry FI-CV-AAS, flow-injection cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry FAAS,flame atomic absorption spectrometry GF-AAS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and ET-AAS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Qiao-Yun Ye, Yan Li Jiang, Xiu-Ping Yan, Determination of trace cadmium in rice by flows injection on-line filterless precipitation-dissolution preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51 (2003), 2111-2114. 

R. M. Cespon Romero, M. C. Yebra-Biurrun, M. P. Bermejo-Barrera, Preconcentration and speciation of chromium by the determination of total chromium(III) in natural waters by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with a chelating ion-exchange flow injection system, Anal. Chim. Acta, 327 (1996), 37-45. 

H. J. Salacinski, P. G. Riby, S. J. Haswell, Coupled flow-injection analysis-flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the quantitative determination of aluminum in beverages and waters incorporating on-line cation exchange, Anal. Chim. Acta, 269 (1992), 1-7. 

Tyson, J.F., Bysouth, S.R. Network flow injection manifolds for sample dilution and calibration in flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3, 211-215 (1988)... 

Fang Z. I. and Welz B. (1989) Optimisation of experimental parameters for flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry, J Anal At Spectrom 4 83-89. 

FI. flow injection SI, sequential injection ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry FAAS, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ETAAS electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, HG-AAS hydrige generation-atomic absorption spectrometry, HG-AFS hydrige generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. 

Arskan Z, Tyson JF. 1999. Determination of calcium, magnesium and strontium in soils by flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 50 929-937. 

I. Lopez Garcia, P. Vifias, N. Campillo, M. Hernandez Cordoba, Use of submicroliter-volume samples for extending the dynamic range of flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 308 (1995) 85. 

For blood analysis, the use of matrix-matched standards is an efficient strategy to compensate for the influence of viscosity, as emphasised by Rocks and co-workers, who determined zinc and copper in blood serum by flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry [63]. Another possibility is to exploit the standard addition method, since different viscosities can also cause a matrix effect. This approach was demonstrated by Harrow and Janata in the potentiometric evaluation of pH in blood serum [64], where the effects of sample viscosity and the presence of solid particles were successfully compensated. 

Z.-L. Fang, M. Sperling, B. Welz, Comparison of three propulsion systems for application in flow-injection zone penetration dilution and sorbent extraction preconcentration for flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 269 (1992) 9. 

In-line filtration without a filtering element is also feasible. To this end, a three-dimensional reactor [299], also called a knitted or knotted reactor (see 6.2.3.4), can be used, as emphasised in the landmark article reporting the flow injection determination of lead in blood and bovine liver by flame atomic absorption spectrometry [300]. The analyte was co-precipitated the complex formed was retained on the inner walls of a knitted reactor and then released by isobutyl methyl ketone and transported to the detector. Interference from iron(III) at high concentrations was circumvented, sensitivity was markedly improved and precise results were obtained. This innovation was recently exploited to remove organic selenium and determine the speciation of inorganic selenium in a flow-injection system with atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection [301]. 

C.A. Giacomozzi, R.R.U. Queiroz, I.G. Souza, J.A. Gomes-Neto, High current-density anodic electro-dissolution in flow-injection systems for the determination of aluminium, copper and zinc in non-ferroalloys by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Autom. Method. Manag. Chem. 21 (1999) 17. 

Z.H. Wang, Z.P. Zhang, Z.P. Wang, L.W. Liu, X.P. Yan, Acrylic acid grafted poly-tetrafluoroethylene fiber as new packing for flow injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of lead and cadmium in environmental and biological samples, Anal. Chim. Acta 514 (2004) 151. 

S.L. Lin, C.S. Zheng, G.Z. Yun, Determination of palladium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry combined on-line with flow injection preconcentration using a micro-column packed with activated carbon fibre, Talanta 42 (1995) 921. 

Pyrzynska K (1994) Flow injection preconcentration of gold (HI) on Cellex T for determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J Anal Atom Spectrom 9 801-803. 

Enriquez-Dominguez me, Yebra-Biurrun MC and Bermejo-Barrera MP (1998) Determination of cadmium in mussels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with preconcentration on a chelating resin in a flow injection system. Analyst (London) 123 105-108. 

Vinas P, Campillo N, Garcia IL and Cordoba MH (1993b) Flow-injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry for slurry atomization. Determination of calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese in vegetables. Anal Chim Acta 283 393-400. 

Figure 4.2. Recordings obtained with the single-line FIA flame atomic absorption spectrometry system of Fig. 4.1 using a flow rate of the carrier stream of 4.9 mL/min and an injected sample volume of 150 jlL. (a) Calibration run for zinc as obtained by the injection of 0.10, 0.20, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ppm of zinc standards, (b) Recorder response for the 1.5 ppm zinc standard as obtained by (A) injection via the FIA system and (B) continuous aspiration in the conventional mode. For the sake of comparison, the aspiration rate in (R) was increased to 4.9 mL/min, corresponding to the propulsion rate used in (A), where S is the point of injection. D represents the dispersion coefficient value, which in (B) is equal to 1. (c) Calibration run for a series of lead standards (2, 5, 10, 25, and 20 ppm), recorded without (0%) and with (3.3%) sodium chloride added to the standards to simulate, in the latter instance, a matrix of seawater.

W. R. Wolf and K. K. Stewart, Automated Multiple Flow Injection Analysis for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 51 (1979) 1201. 

N. Zhou, W. Freeh, and E. Lundberg, Rapid Determination of Lead, Bismuth, Antimony and Silver in Steels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Combined with Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 153 (1983) 23. 

J. F. Tyson and A. B. Idris, Determination of Chromium in Steel by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Flow Injection Standard Additions Method. Analyst, 109 (1984) 23. 

E. B. Milosavljevic, J. R04i5ka, and E. H. Hansen, Simultaneous Determination of Free and EDTA-Complexed Copper Ions by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with an Ion-Exchange Flow-Injection System. Anal. Chim. Acta, 169 (1985) 321. 

J. F. Tyson, C. E. Adeeyinwo, J. M. H. Appleton, S. R. Bysouth, A. B. Idris, and L. L. Sarkissian, Flow Injection Techniques of Method Development for Flame Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry. Analyst, 110 (1985) 487. 

J. F. Tyson, J. R. Mariara, and J. M. H. Appleton, A Variable Dispersion Flow Injection Manifold for Calibration and Sample Dilution in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 1 (1986) 273. 

S. R. Bysouth and J. F. Tyson, On-Line Sample and Standard Manipulation for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Anal. Proc., 23 (1986) 412. A. Nabi and P. J. Worsfold, Indirect Assays with Immobilized Firefly Lu-ciferase Based on Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Proc., 23 (1986) 415. 

Limbeck A, Puls C, Handler M (2007) Platinum and palladium emissions from on-road vehicles in the Kaisermtihlen tunnel (Vienna, Austria). Env Sci Technol 41 4938 945 Liu P, Su Z, Wu X, Pu Q (2002) Application of isodiphenylthiourea immobilized silica gel to flow injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for interference-free determination of trace silver, gold, palladium and platinum in geological and metallurgical samples. J Anal At Spectrom 17 125-130... 

Atomic spectrometric techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal AAS (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and ICP-MS are used for the determination of elements, particularly metals. ICP-MS is the most sensitive, typically with microgram per liter detection limits and multielement capability but it has high start-up and operating costs. UV-visible spectrophotometry is also used for the determination of metal ions and anions such as nitrate and phosphate (usually by selective deriva-tization). It is a low cost and straightforward technique, and portable (handheld) instruments are available for field deployment. Flow injection (FI) provides a highly reproducible means of manipulating solution chemistry in a contamination free environment, and is often used for sample manipulation, e.g., derivatization, dilution, preconcentration and matrix removal, in conjunction with spectrometric detection. Electroanalytical techniques, particularly voltammetry and ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), are... 

Although originally FIA was conceived as a special technique for delivery of a sample segment into the instrument, the combination of flow injection as a sample pretreatment tool with atomic spectrometry has been shown to be of great potential for enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity of the measurements. Moreover, contamination problems are reduced due to the closed system used, making this interface suitable for ultratrace determination of metal species. Hyphenated techniques such as FIA/ SIA with flame atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectrometry, and ICP-mass spectrometry (MS) have been exploited extensively in recent years. The major attraction of FIA-ICP-MS is its exceptional multi-elemental sensitivity combined with high speed of analysis. In addition, the possibility of... 

Ma, R. Mol, W.V. Adams, F. Determination of cadmium, copper, and lead in environmental samples. An evaluation of flow injection on-line sorbent extraction for flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 285, 33. 

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