Fishes foraging

Research at Colorado State University (FEDRIP 1994) will investigate toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of chloroform and other organic and inorganic chemicals. The laboratory studies will use a simple food chain containing larval invertebrates and fish. The results would be applicable to many natural systems with fish foraging on insect larvae in contaminated sediments. 

In the toxic chemical monitoring programs, water, bottom sediments, fish (forage and predator), and other biota samples are collected and analyzed. 

Legume forages, such as alfalfa or clover, are considered high quaHty, readily available protein sources. Animal sources of supplemental protein include meat and bone meal blood meal, 80% CP fish meal other marine products and hydroly2ed feathermeal, 85—90% CP. Additionally, synthetic amino acids are available commercially. Several sources (3,9,19) provide information about the protein or amino acid composition of feedstuffs. 

Cold water communities Warm water forage and limited forage fish communities and limited aquatic life 110 pg/L 3600 pg/L ... 

Johnston TA, Leggett WC, Bodaly RA, Swanson HK. 2003. Temporal changes in mercury bioaccumulation by predatory fishes of boreal lakes following the invasion of an exotic forage fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 22 2057-2062. 

Webber HM, Haines TA. 2003. Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus ctysoleucas). Environ Toxicol Chem 22 1556-1561. 

Sandheinrich, M.B. and G.J. Atchison. 1989. Sublethal copper effects on bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, foraging behavior. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46 1977-1985. 

Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, whole vs. whole forage fish ... 

System 20. aquatic plants—bentos, plankton, coastal aquatic plants (XII) aquatic animals including bottom sediment invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, mammals, vertebrates, their biological reactions and endemic diseases (VIII) aerosols, atmospheric air (31, 32)—foodstuffs, forages (XV). Human poisoning through consumption of fish and other aquatic foodstuffs with excessive bioaccumulation of pollutants is the most typical example of biogeochemical migration and its consequences. 

Large, generalist marine grazers such as fishes and urchins attempt to choose foods that maximize nutritional input (e.g., protein, lipids, and carbohydrate) (Mattson 1980 Choat and Clements 1998) and minimize intake of secondary metabolites (Hay 1991). The untested assumption underlying these optimal foraging decisions is that detoxification and excretion rates are a constraint on toxin intake and thus drive feeding choice (Freeland and Janzen 1974). However, we have virtually no information on such constraints in marine herbivores, because it requires an understanding of the metabolic fate of secondary metabolites. 

Wl Human cancer criteria Public Water Supplier Warm water sport fish communities Cold water communities Great Lakes communities Non-Public Water Supplies Warm water sport fish communities Cold water communities Warm water forage and limited fish communities and limited aquatic life Groundwater Enforcement standard Prevention action limit 1.9 mg/L 1.8 mg/L 1.8 mg/L 87 mg/L 31 mg/L 380 mg/L 6p g/L ... 

Interspecific chemical cues are also often mixtures. Mixtures of amino acids serve as feeding stimulants in fish. Among mammals, ferrets respond more to mixtures than to pure odors in their foraging responses. The mixtures are thought to contain more information (Apfelbach, 1973). 

Visual and chemical cues interact in foraging by natricine snakes. Even visual cues alone can elicit prey attack, especially in aquatic foraging (Drummond, 1985). Aposematic color patterns of prey enhance the learning of prey that induces illness. Garter snakes, Thamnophis radix hay deni, were exposed to fish and earthworms presented on black-and-yellow forceps, and then inj ected with lithium chloride (LiCl). Control prey was offered on green forceps. Later, the snakes avoided food from either forceps, but the aversion to prey paired with black-andyellow was stronger (Terrick etal, 1995). 

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