Sodium borohydnde

FIGURE 15 2 Mechanism of sodium borohydnde reduction of an aldehyde or ketone... 

The carbonyl group of carbohydrates can be reduced to an alcohol function Typi cal procedures include catalytic hydrogenation and sodium borohydnde reduction Lithium aluminum hydride is not suitable because it is not compatible with the solvents (water alcohols) that are required to dissolve carbohydrates The products of carbohydrate reduc tion are called alditols Because these alditols lack a carbonyl group they are of course incapable of forming cyclic hemiacetals and exist exclusively m noncyclic forms... 

Steroids The applied steroids are reduced by means of a mixture of 10% ethanolic sodium borohydnde solution and 0 1 N sodium hydroxide solution (1-1-1) The excess reagent is neutralized with aad after 30 min [3]... 

Strychnine Sample applied as spots followed by 5% sodium borohydnde solution, which is then dried and followed by development [22]... 

Alkaloids Sodium borohydnde solution is applied after the sample solution The plate is dried and developed after a few minutes [2, 25]... 

The Al-dtfluoroaimno substituent with no a-hydrogen is resistant to lithium alununum hydnde [5/] (equation 65), and the selective reduction of the ester functions of polychlorofluorocarboxylates to alcohols without loss of chlorme is accomplished with sodium borohydnde [52] (equation 66)... 

Because of Us high polarity and low nucleophilicity, a trifluoroacetic acid medium is usually used for the investigation of such carbocationic processes as solvolysis, protonation of alkenes, skeletal rearrangements, and hydride shifts [22-24] It also has been used for several synthetically useful reachons, such as electrophilic aromatic substitution [25], reductions [26, 27], and oxidations [28] Trifluoroacetic acid is a good medium for the nitration of aromatic compounds Nitration of benzene or toluene with sodium nitrate in trifluoroacetic acid is almost quantitative after 4 h at room temperature [25] Under these conditions, toluene gives the usual mixture of mononitrotoluenes in an o m p ratio of 61 6 2 6 35 8 A trifluoroacetic acid medium can be used for the reduction of acids, ketones, and alcohols with sodium borohydnde [26] or triethylsilane [27] Diary Iketones are smoothly reduced by sodium borohydnde in trifluoroacetic acid to diarylmethanes (equation 13)... 

ESCA has been used to determine the molecular structure of the fluoride lon-induced tnmenzation product of perfluorocyclobutene [74] and the products of the sodium borohydnde reduction of perfluoromdene [75] ESCA is also used to analyze and optimize gas-phase reactions, such as the bromination of trifluoro-methane to produce bromotrifluoromethane, a valuable fire suppression agent [76] The ionization energies for several hundred fluorme-containing compounds are summarized in a recent review [77]... 

Esters - [AMYL ALCOHOLS] (Vol 2) - [FATS AND FATTY OILS] (Vol 10) -from castor oil [CASTOR OIL] (Vol 5) -m chamomile oil [OILS, ESSENTIAL] (Vol 17) -as congener m spirits [BEVERAGE SPIRITS DISTILLED] (Vol 4) -as lubricants [LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS] (Vol 15) -sodium borohydnde reduction [HYDPJDES] (Vol 13)... 

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