Fire resistance temperature

Dehydration or Chemical Theory. In the dehydration or chemical theory, catalytic dehydration of ceUulose occurs. The decomposition path of ceUulose is altered so that flammable tars and gases are reduced and the amount of char is increased ie, upon combustion, ceUulose produces mainly carbon and water, rather than carbon dioxide and water. Because of catalytic dehydration, most fire-resistant cottons decompose at lower temperatures than do untreated cottons, eg, flame-resistant cottons decompose at 275—325°C compared with about 375°C for untreated cotton. Phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid [8014-95-7] are good examples of dehydrating agents that can act as efficient flame retardants (15—17). 

The compressibihty and thermal conductivity of mineral oils is compared to fire-resistant fluids in Table 3. All good hydrauHc fluids must resist compression, and many fire-resistant fluids can operate at a lower temperature than mineral oils because of improved thermal conductivity. 

Some of the tests and criterion used to define fire resistance may be found in the Hterature (9). Additionally, the compression—ignition and hot manifold tests as defined in MIL-H-19457 and MIL-H-5606, respectively the Wick test as defined by Federal Standards 791, Method 352 flash point and fire point as defined in ASTM D92 autoignition temperature as defined in ASTM D2155 and linear flame propagation rate are defined in ASTM D5306 are used. 

The newer open-ceU foams, based on polyimides (qv), polyben2imida2oles, polypyrones, polyureas, polyphenylquinoxalines, and phenoHc resins (qv), produce less smoke, are more fire resistant and can be used at higher temperatures. These materials are more expensive and used only for special appHcations including aircraft and marine vessels. Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) foams are available in small quantities mainly for use in composite panels and piping appHcations (see Elame retardants Heat-RESISTANTPOLYA rs). 

Although thermal performance is a principal property of thermal insulation (13—15), suitabiHty for temperature and environmental conditions compressive, flexure, shear, and tensile strengths resistance to moisture absorption dimensional stabiHty shock and vibration resistance chemical, environmental, and erosion resistance space limitations fire resistance health effects availabiHty and ease of appHcation and economics are also considerations. 

Petroleum (qv) products dominate lubricant production with a 98% share of the market for lubricating oils and greases. While lower cost leads to first consideration of these petroleum lubricants, production of various synthetic lubricants covered later has been expanding to take advantage of special properties such as stability at extreme temperatures, chemical inertness, fire resistance, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. 

Liquid phosphate esters, eg, tricresyl phosphate [1330-78-5] are one of two types of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids (qv). Fire-resistant fluids account for less than 10% of the total fluids market. Phosphoms-based fluids generally are stable at high temperatures in addition to being fire resistant. Approximately 10,000 t of organophophoms compounds were used in hydraulic fluids in 1994. The manufacture of these materials consumed ca 4000 t of POCI3. 

Service temperature limitations must be considered in the use of composites, not only in the selection of polymer and process, but sometimes in the selection of the reinforcement as weU. Composites cannot generally perform as weU as metals or ceramics in very high temperature appHcations, but they can be made fire resistant to meet most constmction and transportation codes. 

After drying, the bricks ate put into a kiln where the temperature is raised slowly to between 870 and 1316°C or higher depending on the temperature needed to fuse the clay. With the clay particles pattiaHy melted and fused together, the brick is a ceramic material with exceHent strength and fire resistance. 

Phenohc resins (qv), once a popular matrix material for composite materials, have in recent years been superseded by polyesters and epoxies. Nevertheless, phenohc resins stiU find considerable use in appHcations where high temperature stabiHty and fire resistance are of paramount importance. Typical examples of the use of phenoHc resins in the marine industry include internal bulkheads, decks, and certain finishings. The curing process involves significant production of water, often resulting in the formation of voids within the volume of the material. Further, the fact that phenoHcs are prone to absorb water in humid or aqueous conditions somewhat limits their widespread appHcation. PhenoHc resins are also used as the adhesive in plywood, and phenohc molding compounds have wide use in household appliances and in the automotive, aerospace, and electrical industries (12). 

Applications. Initial appHcations have been largely in military and aerospace areas. These include hydrauHc seals for military aircraft and fuel seals and diaphragms for both military and civiHan aircraft. Shock mounts for EZ are used on aircraft engines. Large fabric-reinforced boot seals are used in the air intake system on the M-1 tank. The material s useful temperature range, fuel and fatigue resistance, and fire resistance were determining factors in this appHcation. 

Furane resin-chopped strand mat laminates have tensile strengths in excess of 200001bf/in (140 MPa), a heat distortion temperature of about 218°C and good fire resistance. 

High temperature 21) Combustion properties/fire resistance... 

Fire resistance Fans, motors, cabling and controls which are expected to operate under fire conditions must be suitably rated for the temperature expected. 

In a fully synthetic FR fluid, the fire resistance is due to the chemical nature of the fluid in the others, it is afforded by the presence of water. The other main distinction between the two groups is that the fully synthetic fluids are generally better lubricants and are available for use at operating temperatures up to 150°C (272°F), but are less likely to be compatible with the conventional sealing materials and paints than are water-based products. 

Such fluids often referred to as 5/95 fluid (that being the ratio of oil to water), have essentially the same properties as water with the exception of the corrosion characteristics and the boundary lubrication properties, which are improved by the oil and other additives. The advantages of this type of fluid are fire resistance, lower fluid cost, no warm-up time, lower power consumption and operating temperatures, reduced spoilage of coolant, less dependence on oil together with reduced transport, storage, handling and disposal costs, and environmental benefits. 

The thermal and UV resistance will depend on the stabiliser systems used. The hardness of the coating will depend on the amount and type of plasticiser used. Correct selection of the plasticiser can permit the use of the plastisols at high or low temperatures, provide fire resistance or oil resistance. Plastisols can be produced in a range of gloss levels from 80 units down to 10 gloss units. 

Polyetheretherketone PEEK is a high-temperature, crystalline engineering TP used for high performance applications such as wire and cable for aerospace applications, military hardware, oil wells and nuclear plants. It holds up well under continuous 450°F (323° C) temperatures with up to 600°F (316° C) limited use. Fire resistance rating is UL 94 V-0 it resists abrasion and long-term mechanical loads. 

Land use changes in the tropics have resulted in a landscape characterized as a mosaic of logged forests, cleared fields, and successional forests. This results in the transformation from extremely fire resistant rainforest ecosystems to anthropogenic landscapes in which fire is a common event (16, 17), Fires occur in disturbed tropical forests because deforestation has a dramatic effect on microclimate. Deforestation results in lower relative humidities, increased wind speeds, and increased air temperatures. In addition, deforestation results in increased quantities of biomass that are susceptible to fire. This biomass may be in the form of forest slash, leaf litter, grasses, lianas or herbaceous species (16, 18). 

Chlorendic Acid Polyester These resins have excellent resistance to acids, good resistance to oxidizing acid media and high-temperature resistance, and moderate fire resistance. 

Time-temperature curves for fire resistance for different types of materials are available from American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard E 119 (Ref. 41). 

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