Fire loading

In fact, the true fire load will be greater than the energy release calculated in Example 9.1. In practice, such a release of superheated liquid generates large amounts of fine spray in addition to the vapor. This can double the energy release based purely on vaporization. 

Sprinklers Maintain sprinkler systems Institute alterations if building is modified, use changes etc. Observe use specifications, e.g. for stack heights, fire loading... 

Split-up stocks into manageable lots, e.g. with reference to fire loading/spillage control. Limit stack heights generally... 

Limit permissible fire load to 79 x 10 k or 250 tons of hydrocarbon. 

When a fire occurs, it is assumed that all fluid flow to and from the fire risk area has been stopped. Therefore, flow loads such as control valve failure or incoming feed streams are not additive to the fire load. Credit is not generally given to flow out through normal channels, since they could also be blocked during the fire emergency. 

Observe use specifications, e.g. for stack heights, fire loading... 

It has already been stated that the principal toxicant in a fire scenario is carbon monoxide, generated when all carbonaceous materials burn. Moreover, the carbon monoxide concentration in full scale fire scenarios depends heavily on fire load (i.e. how much material is burning, per unit volume) and on geometrical arrangements, including ventilation, while the dependence on materials is of a lower order. 

Laboratory furniture is prefabricated or custom designed for every purpose. Wood furniture is often used because of it s availability and attractiveness. The are several drawbacks to the use of wood furniture it adds to the fire load of the building and it is easily contaminated. In general, laboratory furniture should be constructed such that ... 

The prepared maple sawdust is made by cooking with miner s wax, 10 pounds of sawdust to 1 ounce of wax, in a steam-jacketed kettle. The mixture is tamped dry into a paper tube, 7/ inch in external diameter, 1/32 inch wall, and burns at the rate of about 1 inch per minute. The fusee is supplied at its base with a pointed piece of wood or iron for setting it up in the ground, and it burns best when set at an angle of about 45°. In order to insure certain ignition, the top of the charge is covered with a primer or starting fire, loaded while moistened with... 

Total heat release (THR)/total heat evolved (THE)/fire load (THR is the total heat released up to certain time point of testing and thus a function of time THE = THR after burning, and thus something like the fire load of the specimen monitored by the applied fire test)... 

The THR(t) during a cone calorimeter test is the integral of the HRR with respect to time—the total heat output up to that point. The THR at the end of the test is the THE and is, therefore, the fire load of the specimen in the cone calorimeter fire scenario. The THE and the HRR are mathematically related, but monitor quite independent fire hazards. 

FIGURE 15.22 THE (fire load) plotted against the PHRR/fig, (fire growth index) for PP-g-MA and the corresponding 5 wt.% LS PP-g-MA nanocomposites (PP-g-MA/LS) at different irradiances 30, 50, and 70kW m-2. 

Interior finish, decorations, furnishings, and other combustibles that contribute to fire spread, fire load, and smoke production... 

Boyd, S., Compression Creep Rupture ofanE-Glass/Vinyl Ester Composite Subjected to Combined Mechanical and Fire Loading Conditions, Dissertation for Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Mechanics, 2006. 

The conditions of temperature, pressure, tank metallurgy, pressure-relief device, and the level of liquid in the vessel interact to determine which of the two mechanisms will occur when a vessel is exposed to fire loading. 

For the present calculations we will adopt a value of 40 kg/m for the fire load density in urban areas. This may not be too far off from a reasonable value if city centers would be preferentially targeted and blast limited most of the fires in the central parts. However, it could be an underestimate, if this is not the case. We will also assume that only half of the buildings or half of the available fire load of 40 kg/m would actually bum, i.e. 20 kg/m (OTA, 1979). Altogether, in the urban area of 0.5 million km at least 10 gram of fuel would be consumed by fires. Most of this material will be wood in constructions and furniture, but it will also contain an appreciable fraction of synthetic organic polymers (plastics), which produce aerosol and soot much more efficiently than wood. 

In fact, it is quite possible that the initial fireballs of low-altitude nuclear bursts could drag large amounts of vaporized carbon (and other oxidizable materials, such as aluminium) into the upper atmosphere. We have not included this process in our numerical calculations but, because of its potential importance, we provide a few comments on its nature here. We have seen that fire loadings in the inner parts of cities may be several hundred kilogram per square meter. If much of these combustibles would... 

The San Francisco earthquake of 1905 caused fires, which destroyed 28,000 buildings and killed 1,200. More recently, the Oakland Hills Tunnel Fire during 1991 shocked California with its economic impact (US 3 bn), and the Cerro Grande, New Mexico, fire near Los Alamos in 2000 displayed how a prescribed fire set to mitigate fire loads can quickly get out of control [129,482, 552],... 

In this specific model, approximately the same number of chains connect the cores directly ( fixed length chains ) as they do through carbon black agglomerates, and at zero time, 2(1 /Nt) = 2.12 10-2 and m/p = 0.02. Initially, therefore, fire load is more or less equally divided between the two groups of molecules. In a relaxation experiment, when Yd reaches a value of 60 1020,2(1 /TV,-) = 0.833 10-2, and the chains of constant length can therefore be calculated as carrying about 71%... 

Specifications for cone calorimeter heat release data include the MIL-STD 2031 [96] for products used in U.S. Navy submarines and the IMO draft [97] for materials used in highspeed surface craft. More recently, cone calorimetry heat release data have been used to assess the fire loading of railway vehicles [98]. 

Figure 6.28 Visual observations of hot face of noncooled specimen NC during mechanical and fire loading after (a) 5 min, (b) 25 min, and (c) 45 min [22]. (With permission from ASCE.)...

Pre-Fire, Fire Exposure, and Post-Fire Load-Deflection Responses... 

---