San Francisco earthquake

San Francisco earthquake (those that were there, call it the fire ), 28 000 buildings lost, 450 dead, 300 million due to fire ( 5 billion, 1993), 15 million due to earthquake damage [4]... 

It is of note that during the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, certain overhead road supports that were retroactively strengthened by cladding with a relatively thin layer of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete allowed them to survive while conventional concrete pillars failed [20]. Similarly, in Japan, which experiences several hundreds of earthquakes each year of widely ranging intensity, carbon fibers have been extensively adopted for concrete reinforcement. More carbon fiber is employed in the Japanese construction industry than anywhere else [21]. 

The San Francisco earthquake of 1905 caused fires, which destroyed 28,000 buildings and killed 1,200. More recently, the Oakland Hills Tunnel Fire during 1991 shocked California with its economic impact (US 3 bn), and the Cerro Grande, New Mexico, fire near Los Alamos in 2000 displayed how a prescribed fire set to mitigate fire loads can quickly get out of control [129,482, 552],... 

The approximate date of a San Francisco earthquake is to be found by measuring the C activity (f]/2 = 5730 yr) of parts of a tree uprooted during the event. The tree parts have an activity of 12.9 d/min g C, and a living tree has an activity of... 

Youd, T.L. and Hoose, S.N. 1975. Liquefaction during 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Meeting Preprint 2517, ASCE National Convention, Nov., pp. 1-25. 

Fig. 1.4. Seismograms of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake recorded in Gottingen, Germany, some 9100 miles away from the earthquake source (top) NS components, (bottom) EW component (from Wald et al. 1993).

During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, a cow fell into a small, shallow crack that opened up in the ground and was buried with only her tail protruding. 

Saragoni, G. Rudolfo. The Challenge of Centennial Earthquakes to Improve Modern Earthquake Engineering. AZP Conference Proceedings, 1020, no. 1 (July 8, 2008) 1113-1120. This article uses the 1906 San Francisco earthquake as a point of reference for reviewing the evolution of modem engineering seismology. 

Durukal, E., Ansal, A. Toniik, G. 2006. Effect of Ground Motion Scaling and Uncertainties in Site Characterisation on Site Response Analyses. Proceedings of the 100th Anniversary Earthquake Conference Commemorating the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, San Francisco, USA. 

They postulated that this resulted in a system of significant strength, stiffness, and ductility that behaves much like the modem eccentrically braced frame systems. Such behavior could, in part, be responsible for the observed good performance of these buildings in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (Hamburger and Meyer 2006). 

Hambuiger RO, Meyer JD (2006) The performance of steel-frame buildings with infill masonry walls in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Earthq Spectra 22(S2) S43-S67... 

As the concentration of valuable assets has increased in locations susceptible to natural disasters, the risk exposure has also grown. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the ensuing widespread fire constituted the largest catastrophe loss the (re)insurance sector had experienced at the time. Since then, catastrophes have grown more and more costly reaching the estimated US 210 billion loss caused by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan (Munich 2013). Moreover, a highly connected international economy has xmcovered new vulnerabilities derived from supply chains that can be dismpted by disasters once considered distant (Nanto et al. 2011). 

The City Hall was buUt in the late 1800s and was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It was subsequently rebuilt at a nearby location and reopened in 1915. The City Hall was again damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Subsequently, seismic retrofit work was performed and the building was reopened in 1999. 

Travasarou T, Bray JD, Sancio RB (2006) Soil-Structure Interaction Analyses of Building Responses During the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake. In Proceedings, 8th US Nat. Conf. EQ Engrg., 100th Aimiv. EQ Craif. Comm, the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, EERI, April, Paper 1877... 

Over the past century, several catastrophic earthquakes caused severe damage to buried pipelines. In the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, one of the main reasons that caused the extensive damage was due to the failure of several water... 

San Francisco earthquake and fire. The two tall steel frames were under construction and were not damaged. 

ASCE (1906) The effects of the San Francisco earthquake of April 18th, 1906, on Engineering Constructions report of Committee on Fire and Earthquake Damage To Buildings. Trans ASCE 57(2) 208-263... 

Kurzman D (2001) Disaster The Great San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906. Harper Perennial, New York... 

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