Fire detection methods

There are a number of ways by which fire can be detected. The three principal fire detection methods involve sensing the heat, either as actual temperature or as rate-of-rise of temperature, the presence of flame or the presence of smoke. There is one other detection method which identifies a pre-fire condition and that is a flammable gas detector whose use is limited to places where flammable gases are likely to be present. 

With the use of the rapid fire detection and water deluge, there was no mass fire and the mix was ckrped into water for continued fire suppression. Any fire with RP results in the formation of white phosphorus (WP). WP must be covered with water since it ignites spontaneously when exposed to air. Processing studies were conducted to determine the best methods for pollution abatement since UP/water mixtures are toxic at 29 pob for blue gill bream and since high levels of phosphorus [reported as total phosphorus may not be durped into the environment. 

The void created by raised panel floors should be provided with smoke detectors and considered as a separate detection zone. The actual design and detection method used depends on several variables including ventilation and routing of electrical/data cables. Passive or active protection may be considered based on the results of a fire hazard analysis. 

Fire prevention methods are based on proper operation and cleaning of the dryer. An important safety device is an automatic control systan (ACS), as it can maintain the tanpera-ture within 1 C range whereas the manually controlled temperature may vary 10 C. The control system shonld include a detection system of parameter deviation, deposit deteaion, drying gas analysis, and continuous monitoring of the humidity and temperature at selected locations. 

Paul, K. T. (1986). Fire Resistance of Synthetic Furniture. Detection Methods Fire and Materials, 10(1), 29-39. 

For the plant having been analyzed, the PSA provided some recommendations for improving the fire protection In a few cable channels in the auxihary building and the independent emergency building no fire detectors are installed. An early fire detection and suppression cannot be ensured. The frequency of an incipient fire for these channels is the same as the fire induced damage frequency. On the other hand, the fire occurrence frequencies estimated by the method of Berry (1979) are too pessimistic. In conclusion, the installation of automatic fire detectors in these compartments will reduce the compartment specific... 

The investigator samples debris most likely to contain an ILR in sufficient quantity to enable detection and identification. A range of field detection methods are available to assist the investigator in locating fire debris for laboratory analysis. 

In addition to being a green house gas, CO2 is an important component for metabolism process of plant and many living creatures [34]. Thus, reliable and selective CO2 detectors are needed for a variety of applications including environmental and health monitoring [35, 36], fire detection [37], and controlling of fermentation [38]. There are several types of commercially available CO2 gas sensors and most of them are based on nondispersed infrared (NDIR) and electrochemical methods. 

BS 5839 uses a system whereby fire detection and alarm systems are categorised according to their operating method and purpose. 

Different detection methods may be incorporated into the same system so that the most suitable detection method can be chosen for any location. In addition to their method of operation automatic detectors can be classified as being either point detector (i.e. equipment that detects a fire at a particular location or area detectors that are capable of detecting a fire over a wide area). 

Tungsten is usually identified by atomic spectroscopy. Using optical emission spectroscopy, tungsten in ores can be detected at concentrations of 0.05—0.1%, whereas x-ray spectroscopy detects 0.5—1.0%. ScheeHte in rock formations can be identified by its luminescence under ultraviolet excitation. In a wet-chemical identification method, the ore is fired with sodium carbonate and then treated with hydrochloric acid addition of 2inc, aluminum, or tin produces a beautiful blue color if tungsten is present. 

As expected, the EDS data set indicates that the polymeric matrix material (the PE-PP blend) is composed only of carbon (hydrogen is not detectable by this method). The particle, however, appears to be composed mainly of aluminum and oxygen along with small amounts of copper. The ratio of aluminum to oxygen is consistent with the chemical formula for aluminum oxide (A1203). The SEM-EDS results are consistent with aluminum oxide and traces of copper as the primary constituents of the particulate contamination. (Al2O3.3H20 is a commonly used fire-retardant additive in polymeric products.)... 

The excellent detection ability for flames makes UV sensing a good method for remote fire alarm-monitoring. UV radiation after the outbreak of a fire reaches a sensor much faster than heat or smoke. Also, the distance between sensor and fire is less critical. Requirements for the sensor are high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. Radiation intensities at the sensor position may be even lower and the ambient light conditions less restricted than for combustion controlling. When used outside, solar-blindness is a must. These stringent requirements make UV fire alarm monitors expensive, and they are used in industrial environments such as production floors or warehouses rather than in private homes. 

Sprinkler systems are an effective way to contain fires. The system consists of an array of sprinkler heads connected to a water supply. The heads are mounted in a high location (usually near ceilings) and disperse a fine spray of water over an area when activated. The heads are activated by a variety of methods. A common approach activates the heads individually by the melting of a fusible link holding a plug in the head assembly. Once activated, the sprinklers cannot be turned off unless the main water supply is stopped. This approach is called a wet pipe system. These systems are used for storage areas, laboratories, control rooms, and small pilot areas. Another approach activates the entire sprinkler array from a common control point. The control point is connected to an array of heat and/or smoke detectors that start the sprinklers when an abnormal condition is detected. If a fire is detected, the entire sprinkler array within an area... 

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