Fibre-reinforced plastic composite using

Kister G, Ralph B, Fernando GF. Damage detection in glass fibre-reinforced plastic composites using self-sensing E-glass fibres. Smart Mater Stmct 2004 13(5) 1166—75. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1088/0964-1726/13/5/021. 

Kinloch AJ, Mohammed RD, Taylor AC, Sprenger S, Egan D (2006) The interlaminar toughness of carbon-fibre reinforced plastic composites using hybrid-toughened matrices. J Mater Sci 41(15) 5043-5046... 

Fibre reinforced materials are indeed very versatile. In addition to their use in primary load carrying structures, they have been used as repair materials for structural components made from composites and metals. This chapter highlights several examples which demonstrate the relative ease with which repair to structural components can be achieved with fibre reinforced plastics. It is also pointed out that, as with other materials, the designer of any repair scheme with reinforced plastics must be aware of the effects of the environment on the performance of the materials used. Although fibre reinforced plastics are used in corrosive environments, studies in the Gulf States have shown that severe temperature fluctuations can affect the performance of fibre reinforced plastics in a repair environment. 

Hancox NL, The use of a torsion machine to measure the shear strength and modulus of unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced plastic composites, J Mater Sci, 7, 1030-1036, 1972. 

Woolstencroft DH, Curtis AR, Haresceugh RI, A comparison of test techniques used for the evaluation of the unidirectional compressive strength of carbon fibre reinforced plastics, Composites, 12, Oct 1981. 

Although, in general, the use of fibre-reinforced plastic composites is continually increasing, certain aspects of their behaviour are still poorly understood. An example is their viscoelastic, viscoplastic or time-dependent behaviour due to creep and fatigue loadings (Fig. 23.7). 

Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy has been used most extensively for polymer research, e.g. for bulk characterisation of polymeric materials with chemical sensitivity at a spatial resolution of 50 nm [739], STXM has also been used for the analysis (morphology, size distributions, spatial distributions and quantitative chemical compositions) of copolymer polyol-reinforcing particles in polyurethane [740], Pitkethly [741] has reviewed the role of microscopy in the evaluation of fibre/matrix interfacial properties and micromechanical characteristics of fibre-reinforced plastic composites. 

Access of air and water will also affect the corrosion rate. Metal inserts in corrosive plastics are most actively attacked at the plastic/metal/air interfaces with certain metals, notably aluminium titaniumand stainless steel, crevice effects (oxygen shielding and entrapment of water) frequently accelerate attack. Acceleration of corrosion by bimetallic couples between carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics and metals presents a problem in the use of these composites. 

Recycling of glass fibre-reinforced plastics is reviewed, with special emphasis on remelting of thermoplastic composites, mechanical recycling of thermoset composites, depolymerisation and dissolution of thermosets and thermoplastics, closed loop recycling of glass, and the use of glass as a mechanical compatibiliser. 32 refs. 

Airbus A380 structure uses 25 % of advanced composites. Carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) are used for about 22% of the airframe. 

Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CRP) is used in die manufacture of golf clubs and tennis rackets, a What are composite materials b Which two substances are used to manufacture this composite material ... 

Man-made composites fall into three broad classes, depending on whether the main part of the composite, the matrix, is a polymer, a metal or a ceramic. Often, but not always, the composite combines materials from two classes, as in glass-fibre-reinforced plastics. However, the most widely used composite material, concrete, is a ceramic -ceramic composite. The most important classes of artificial composite are described below. The mechanical properties of composites are discussed in Section 10.4. Biological composites are very varied and will not be considered here. 

If concrete removal is not required or supplementary reinforcing bars cannot be used, external reinforcement can be applied. For instance, steel bars may be encased in a shotcrete layer or steel plates may be bonded onto the concrete surface. Recently, the use of steel plates has been substituted by fibre-reinforced plastics (F. R.P.), that are composite materials with glass, aramide or carbon fibres embedded in a polymeric matrix (usually an epoxy system). F. R.P. are available in the form of laminates or sheets that are bonded to the concrete surface using an epoxy adhesive [11]. They are typically used to improve the flexural and shear strength or to provide confinement to concrete subjected to compression. The... 

Traditional fibres used as reinforcement in polymer composites are generally either polymers or ceramics the polymer aramids, glass, carbon, boron, aluminium oxide and silicon carbide. Carbon is a high-performance fibre material that is the most commonly used reinforcement in advanced polymer-matrix composites. Glass fibre is readily available and may be fabricated into a glass-reinforced plastic economically using a wide variety of composite-manufacturing techniques. 

Using a composite structural member, either to replace the deficient component or to provide an alternative load path. In the latter case, the repair patch, typically made from fibre reinforced plastics, would be directly attached to the structure, either mechanically or via an adhesive bond. These topics will be discussed further, below. 

Recently, nanostructured carbon-based fillers such as Ceo [313,314], single-wall carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns (CNHs), carbon nanoballoons (CNBs), ketjenblack (KB), conductive grade and graphitized carbon black (CB) [184], graphene [348], and nanodiamonds [349] have been used to prepare PLA-based composites. These fillers enhance the crystalUza-tion ofPLLA [184,313,314].Nanocomposites incorporating fibrous MWCNTsandSWCNTs are discussed in the section on fibre-reinforced plastics (section 8.12.3). 

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