Straw fibers

Cellulose acetate monofilament, yarn, staple, or tow Cellulose fibers, manmade Cigarette tow, cellulosic fiber Cuprammonium fibers Fibers, rayon Horeshair, artificial rayon Nitrocellulose fibers Rayon primary products fibers, straw, strips, and yarn... 

There are many kinds of natnral fibers, snch as bast fibers (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, ramie, nettle, and mesta), leaf fibers (sisal, heneqnen, pineapple, abaca, oil palm, and screw pine), seed fibers (cotton), frnit fibers (coconnt hnsk, or coir), and stalk fibers (straw of varions kinds). They are not nsed for commercial WPG, primarily on economical reasons (except maybe Procell, see Table 1.1). Most of these fibers have fonnd applications in established indnstries, snch as textile indnstry (cotton, flax, jnte, ramie, hemp, and sisal) and paper indnstry (straw). 

Fiber, straw A fibrous, cellulosic component of certain plants (wheat, rice, etc.). Its fibers are 1 to 1.5 mm long, similar to those of hardwoods. Straw can be used as filler in plastics. Its main use is preparing a pulp by the alkaline process to yield specialty papers of high quality. Use of straw for conventional papermaking in USA is of limited importance due to the abundance of pulpwood. 

A sorbent is considered reusable (recyclable) if a loaded sorbent can be easily compressed or squeezed to its original size and shape. Other limitations of agriculture sorbents are their relatively lower sorption capacity (compared to polyurethane and exfoliated graphite) and also their limited recyclability. However, as discussed previously, some natural sorbents such as Kapok, silk-floss fiber, straw sorb signifieantly more oil tiian some synthetic materials used commercially, like polypropylene. 

The higher plant cellulosic fiber is sub-divided into non-woody fibers (straw, grass, bast, trunk, stem, frond, leaf, seed and fruit) and woody fibers (pine, rubber. Acacia, teak) (Nazir, 2013). Different plant biomass possesses different composition of cellulose (g/g) such as jute (61-71.5%), flax (71%), hemp (60.2-74.4%), ramie (68.6-76.2%), kenaf (31-39%), sisal (67-78%), pineapple leaf fiber (70-82%), henequen (77.6%), cotton seed (82.7%), rice... 

Insulation Boa.rd. The panel products known as insulation board were the earliest commodity products made from fibers or particles in the composite panel area. These are fiber-base products with a density less than 500 kg/m. Early U.S. patents were obtained in 1915 and production began soon thereafter. The initial production used wood fiber as a raw material, but later products were made of recycled paper, bagasse (sugar cane residue), and straw. Schematics of the two major processes still ia use are shown ia Figure 4. 

The fundamental goal in the production and appHcation of composite materials is to achieve a performance from the composite that is not available from the separate constituents or from other materials. The concept of improved performance is broad and includes increased strength or reinforcement of one material by the addition of another material. This is the well-known purpose in the alloying of metals and in the incorporation of chopped straw into clay for bricks by the ancient Egyptians and plant fibers into pottery by the Incas and Mayans. These ancient productions of composite materials consisted of reinforcing britde materials with fibrous substances. In both cases the mechanics of the reinforcement was such as to reduce and control the production of cracks in the brittle material during fabrication or drying (2). 

Nitromatweed (Matweed Nitrate, Nitrosparte in Fr). Prepd by nitration of dried matweed with mixed nitric-sulfuric acids in a manner similar to the prepn of NC. Trench, Faure and MacKie (Ref 2), in 1876, patented expls containing as a base nitrosparte (or other nitrated cellulosic material such as cotton, hay, agave, hemp, flax, straw, aloe, yucca, etc) together with resin, ozokerite, collodion, glycerin, charcoal and soot. Hengst (Ref 3), in 1898, patented a smokeless powd containing nitrosparte prepd by nitration of fibers covering the coconut shell Refs 1) Merriam Webster s Diet, 2nd Ed (1963), ... 

Potential resources of xylans are by-products produced in forestry and the pulp and paper industries (forest chips, wood meal and shavings), where GX and AGX comprise 25-35% of the biomass as well as annual crops (straw, stalks, husk, hulls, bran, etc.), which consist of 25-50% AX, AGX, GAX, and CHX [4]. New results were reported for xylans isolated from flax fiber [16,68], abaca fiber [69], wheat straw [70,71], sugar beet pulp [21,72], sugarcane bagasse [73], rice straw [74], wheat bran [35,75], and jute bast fiber [18]. Recently, about 39% hemicelluloses were extracted from vetiver grasses [76]. 

Pulp mills. These separate the fibers of wood or other materials, such as rags, Enters, waste-paper, and straw, in order to create pulp. Mills may use chemical, semichemical, or mechanical processes, and may create coproducts such as turpentine and tall oil. Most pulp mills bleach the pulp they produce, and, when wastepaper is converted into secondary fiber, it is deinked. The output of some pulp mills is not used to make paper, but to produce cellulose acetate or to be dissolved and regenerated in the form of viscose fibers or cellophane. 

Amaranth T. versicolor ATCC 20869 Wheat straw, jute, hemp, maple woodchips, nylon, polyethylene teraphthalate fibers [44]... 

Wheat straw, jute, hemp, maple woodchips, and nylon and polyethylene ter-aphthalate fibers were tested for surface immobilization and decolorization of Amaranth by T. versicolor ATCC 20869 [44], They found that fungus immobilized on jute, straw, and hemp decolorized amaranth without glucose being added. Decolorization efficiency increased when 1 g/L glucose was added. 

Celdecor A process for making paper from straw or bagasse. The fiber is digested in aqueous sodium hydroxide and bleached with chlorine. The essential feature is that the alkali and chlorine are used in the proportions in which they are made by the Chlor-Alkali process. 

The pulp and paper industries use three types of raw materials, namely, hard wood, soft wood, and nonwood fiber sources (straw, bagasse, bamboo, kenaf, and so on). Hard woods (oaks, maples, and birches) are derived from deciduous trees. Soft woods (spruces, firs, hemlocks, pines, cedar) are obtained from evergreen coniferous trees. 

PP has good chemical and fatigue resistance. Films and fibers are made from it. Few containers are made of PP. It is used to make some screw-on caps, lids, yogurt tubs, margarine cups, straws, and syrup bottles. 

Lignin Nitrate (Nitrolignin). A general term employed to designate nitrated products contg lignin, such as wood, straws, jute, esparto grass, flax and hemp fibers (Ref 1)... 

Well, one day (this was in 1974), I decided that the use of straw in a modern industrial process plant was inappropriate. I ordered a new coalescer pad, constructed from state-of-the-art synthetic fibers. We replaced the sorry-looking straw pad with the really attractive, modern fiber pad—which did not coalesce nearly as well as the straw. The moral of this story is, of course, If it ain t broke, don t fix it. ... 

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