Fermentation, of glucose

CO, and fermentation of glucose from wet milling of com (165). None of these methods has found commercial application. 

A commercial bacterial cellulose product (CeUulon) was recently introduced by Weyerhaeuser (12). The fiber is produced by an aerobic fermentation of glucose from com symp in an agitated fermentor (13,14). Because of a small particle diameter (10 P-m), it has a surface area 300 times greater than normal wood cellulose, and gives a smooth mouthfeel to formulations in which it is included. CeUulon has an unusual level of water binding and works with other viscosity builders to improve their effectiveness. It is anticipated that it wiU achieve GRAS status, and is neutral in sensory quaUty microcrystaUine ceUulose has similar attributes. 

Currently, a-amino acids are prepared by several routes such as by the fermentation of glucose, by enzyme action on several substances and by the hydrolysis of proteins. Many methods for synthesising the polymers are known, of which the polymerisation of A -carboxyanhydrides is of particular interest, as it yield-products of high molecular weight (Figure 18.24). 

The reaction mechanisms in the fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid are ... 

The wine in the goblet can be produced by the fermentation of glucose (present in all the fruits shown in the painting) to ethyl alcohol. 

Product formation stoichiometry can be used to estimate the upper bounds for product yields in processes. A relatively simple example is the anaerobic fermentation of glucose by yeast. Here, carbon dioxide and ethanol are the only products. Modification of (E -3.9) then becomes ... 

For instance the theoretical yield of ethanol fermentation based on fermentation of glucose results in two moles of ethanol ... 

Rg. 9.8. Fermentation of glucose to acetate or lactate via the Embden-MeyerhofF-Pamas pathway. 

TABLE 3.3 Potential Routes to Commodity Chemicals by Microbial Fermentation of Glucose... 

Example 12.7 Develop a model for the anaerobic batch fermentation of glucose to ethanol and coproduct CO2 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The starting mixture contains 10% glucose. The inoculum is 0.0005 w/w. Product inhibition stops cell growth at 14% ethanol. Assume ka = 0 but include the cannibalization of cellular material beginning when the substrate is completely consumed. 

Figure 5.19.1 The fermentation of glucose to yield ethanol and carbon dioxide (a decomposition reaction).

Gilson, C. D., and Thomas, A., A Novel Fluidised Bed Bioreactor for Fermentation of Glucose to Ethanol Using Alginate Immobilised Yeast, Biotechnol. Tech., 7 397 (1993)... 

Neuberg A process for increasing the yield of glycerol from the fermentation of glucose by adding sodium sulfite. 

Key products obtained from the fermentation of glucose are levulinic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (Scheme 1.1). 

Carboxylic Acids Obtained by Fermentation of Carbohydrates Lactic (2-hydroxy-propionic) acid obtained by fermentation of glucose and polysaccharides is used by NatureWorks (Cargill/Dow LLC) to prepare polylactide (PLA), a biodegradable or recyclable polymer with a potential production of 140000 t a-1 (Scheme 3.4) [23], This and other potential useful reactions from lactic acid have been reviewed by Datta and Henry [24],... 

Write the chemical equation for the alcoholic fermentation of glucose. 

Fumaric acid, a metabolite of many fungi, lichens moss and some plants, and mainly used as the diacid component in alkyd resins, is produced commercially to some extent by fermentation of glucose in Rhizopus arrhizus yet productivity improvements appear essential for the product to be an option for replacing its petrochemical production by catalytic isomerization of maleic acid. 

Andreesen JR, Schaupp A, Neurauter C, et al. 1973. Fermentation of glucose, fructose, and xylose by Clostridium thermoaceticum effect of metals on growth yield, enzymes, and synthesis of acetate from CO2. J Bacteriol 114 743-51. 

RunUnococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefadens. These bacteria are important cellulose-degraders found in the rumen of cattle and sheep (2). Most isolated strains ferment cellulose and xylan and all ferment cellobiose. Fermentation of glucose and some other carbohydrates depends on the particular strain. R flavefadens and B. succinogenes can ferment the highly ordered crystalline cellulosic su trates but R albus cannot. No evidence has been found for extracellular cellulase production by R albus, but Ohmiya et al. purified cellobiosidase from this culture 17). Laboratory growth of R albus has been conducted at pH 7.0 and 37 C. 

Table 6.1 Expected yields from fermentation of glucose.

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