Intrauterine exposure

Emhart CB, Wolf AW, Kennard MJ, et al. 1986. Intrauterine exposure to low levels of lead The status of the neonate. Arch Environ Health 41 287-291. 

In respect to other SERMs, Bishai et al. (1999) have communicated a case of intrauterine exposure to clomiphene (100 mg/d for approximately 4 weeks) and neonatal persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. These same authors mention another described case in humans with congenital retinal aplasia. Regarding raloxifene, no relation to ocular problems has been reported. 

Bishai R, Arbour L, Lyons C, Koren G (1999) Intrauterine exposure to clomiphene and neonatal persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Teratology 60 143-145... 

Herbst AL, editor. Intrauterine exposure to diethlystil-bestrol in the human. Proceedings, Symposium on DES . Chicago American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1977. 

Herbst AL. Behavior of estrogen-associated female genital tract cancer and its relation to neoplasia following intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Gynecol Oncol 2000 76(2) 147-56. 

Martin-Denavit T, Edery P, Plauchu H, Attia-Sobol J, Raudrant D, Aurand JM, Thomas L. Ectodermal abnormalities associated with methimazole intrauterine exposure. Am J Med Genet 2000 94(4) 338 t0. 

Koren, G., Klein, J., Forman, R., Graham, K., and Phan, M. K., Biological markers of intrauterine exposure to cocaine and cigarette smoking, Dev. Pharmacol. Then, 18, 228,1992. 

Dakshinamurti, K., Sharma, S.K., Sundaram, M., and Watanabe, T. 1993. Hippocampal changes in developing postnatal mice following intrauterine exposure to domoic acid. J Neurosci 13, 4456-4495. 

In Figure 4 are presented other typical IR spectra that characterize the equilibrium surface deposits on intrauterine foreign bodies of different materials and configurations with different periods of intrauterine exposure. Time of exposure varied from 4.5 yrs (the upper left-hand spectrum of the coating on a stainless-steel ring) to only 1.5 yrs (the lower right-hand spectrum of the coating on a Lippes loop) all exposures occurred... 

Infants with high intrauterine exposure had higher scores on the BNBAS excitabihty cluster than infants with low exposure. Infants with a high BNBAS excitability score had poorer tone and motor movement, were more irritable and hard to console, and had difficulties in self-quieting. 

Fundaro C, Genovese O, RendeU C, Tamburrini E, Salvaggio E. Myelomeningocele in a child with intrauterine exposure to efavirenz. AIDS 2002 16(2) 299-300. 

Simeoni U, Messer J, Weisburd P, Fladdad J, Willard D. Neonatal renal dysfunction and intrauterine exposure to prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. Eur J Pediatr 1989 149 371-373. 

D) Induction of irreversible changes in the biological object by a reversible interaction with the pharmacon, such that the effect continues even after the drug is totally eliminated. An example is abnormal embryonic development due to early intrauterine exposure to hormones. 

EPA. 1984d. Intrauterine exposure of humans to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) Newborn effects. Duluth, MN U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 600/3-84-060. NTIS PB84-188887. 

Ernhart CB, Kennard MJ, Erhard P, et al Intrauterine exposure to low levels of lead the status of the neonate. Arch Environ Health 41 287-291, 1986 Ernhart CB, Morrow-Tlucak M, Marler MR, et al Low level lead exposure in the prenatal and early preschool periods early preschool development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 9 259-270, 1987... 

The extrauterine exposure to drug in rodents may differ from that of intrauterine exposure in nonhuman primates because metabolic mechanism could differ in the extrauterine situation especially if the drug is being administered orally, and physiological influences will differ between the intrauterine and extrauterine situation, for example, pulmonary versus placental oxygen supply, nutrient supply, or different kidney function. 

Kyrklund T, Haglid K. 1991. Brain lipid composition in guinea pigs after intrauterine exposure to perchloroethylene. Pharmacology Toxicology 68 146-148. 

As to other prenatal effects, lead certainly appears toxic to the fetus, although intrauterine exposure is generally believed to be at a low level. In a study by Barltrop (1969) only about 300/tg of lead was found in the fetus at term. Measurements of lead in amniotic fluid show a concentration of less than 20 ng/100 ml, i.e. below the limits of detection for the analytical method used (Kubasik and Volosin, 1972). However, lead is shown to be present in the fetus at all stages of development, and this may be of greater importance than the presence of a given load at term. The distribution of radiolabelled lead in embryonic animals indicates that all major organ systems are exposed (Carpenter, 1974). 

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