Federal efforts

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is a cornerstone of the federal efforts to control water pollution (21). It determines what can be discharged to a pubHcly owned treatment plant. Indirect discharges may not be required to obtain an NPDES permit but must meet pretreatment effluent limitations and conditions of the NPDES permit of the treatment plant caimot be exceeded. 

Technology against Terrorism The Federal Effort , Office of Technical Assessment, July (1991). 

In the near future, government policies may be less supportive of the pharmaceutical industry than in the past. In the Bush administration, Secretary of Health and Human Services Michael Leavitt and FDA Commissioner Andrew von Eschenbach opposed federal efforts to negotiate lower prices for Medicare prescription drugs and to allow reimportation of prescription drugs at lower prices. In the Obama administration, Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius, FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg, and FDA chief deputy Joshua Sharfstein will likely change these policies. New laws and policies may do more to favor consumers. 

The Harrison Narcotics Act represents the first federal effort to gain control over the burgeoning use of harmful drugs in the United States. Chap-... 

The CSA centralized federal regulations into one statute and separated marijuana from addicting drugs. At the federal level both simple possession and nonprofit distribution of small amounts of marijuana were changed from felonies to misdemeanors. In addition, first-time offenders could have their criminal records expunged. Many states copied these federal efforts, and within a few years all but Nevada had reduced simple possession of marijuana to a misdemeanor. 

The first law was the Pure Food Law of 1906. It has been amended several times since then and is now known as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Its main purpose is to maintain the purity of our food supply. This was the first federal effort toward protecting the consumer from pesticide-contaminated foods, by providing tolerances for pesticide residues. 

J. A. Tarr, The Search for the Ultimate Sink (University of Akron Press, 1996), pp. 354—369 M. M. Cohn and D. F. Metzler, The Pollution Fighters (New York State Dept, of Health, 1973), pp. 25-63 W. L. Andreen, The Evolution of Water Pollution Control in the United States—State, Local, and Federal Efforts, 1789—1972 Part I, Stanford Environmental Law Journal, vol. 22, pp. 145-200 (2003). 

CERCLA s purpose is to authorize the federal government to respond swiftly to hazardous substance emergencies and to protect public health and the environment by cleaning up the nation s worst hazardous waste sites (Reisch and Bearden, 1997). The law seeks to make those responsible for the improper disposal of hazardous waste bear the costs and accept responsibility for their actions with a retroactive liability regime, and established the Hazardous Substance Superfund Trust Fund to finance response actions where a liable party cannot be found or is incapable of paying cleanup costs. The Superfund program is the principal federal effort to clean up inactive hazardous waste sites. 

It would appear that public-sector treatment has positive eflects on alcohol and other drug use and on the consequence of substance abuse and addiction. Additionally, treatment is cost-effective. These outcomes have occurred in spite of the fact that most public-sector treatment clients do not complete treatment nor do they stay in treatment long enough for the maximum benefits. Even though many federal efforts have not been able to demonstrate effectiveness for specific programs, the treatment outcome studies indicate the NDCS treatment dollars have been much better spent than the prevention dollars. 

Congressman Brown assesses some effects of the changing environment for innovation upon existing and potential university-Industry linkages. Describes six current federal efforts to foster linkages, and six additional areas of linkage which "should be considered."... 

One path to address the threats and opportunities presented by emerging technologies is to develop a strategic vision to foster revolutionary science. To be effective, a strategic vision will encompass traly multidisciplinary approaches and incorporate comprehensive capability and threat analyses. It will endeavor to ensure the alignment of federal and nonfederal initiatives and present a unified federal effort to prevent proliferation. 

Review of Federal Efforts to Reduce Asbestos Hazards in Schools Hearing Before the House Subcomm. on Commerce, Transportation and Tourism of the H. Comm, on Energy and Commerce, 1 (Sept. 26, 1984) (Statement for the Record by Hugh J. Wessinger, Senior Associate Director Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, US. Gen. Accounting Office) [hereinafter Wessinger Statement]. 

Berrick, C.A. 2009. Highway Infrastructure Federal Efforts to Strengthen Security Should be Better Coordinated and Targeted on the Nation s Most Critical Highway Infrastructure. DIANE Publishing Company. 

Ferriss, 1979. Abbott L. Ferriss. The U.S. Federal Effort in Developing Social Indicators . Social Indicators Research 6 129-152. 

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