Fatty Acids and Soaps

Vinyl monomers may be polymerized at favorable rates in an aqueous medium containing an emulsifier and a water-soluble initiator. A typical simple Tecipe would consist of the following ingredients with their proportions indicated in parts by weight 100 of monomer, 180 of water, 2 to 5 of a fatty acid soap, and 0.1 to 0.5 of potassium persulfate. Cationic soaps (e.g., dodecylamine hydrochloride) may be used instead of the fatty acid soap, and various other initiators may replace the persulfate (e.g., hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion, or a water-soluble organic hydroperoxide). 

W. Narath, G. Omoski, J. Corr, Enhanced processing of synthetic bar compositions comprising amphoterics based on minimal levels of fatty acid soap and minimum ratios of saturated to unsaturated soap, US Patent No. 6 121 216 (2000). 

Explosive Mixtures of High Density. A method of prepn, patented by Cook 8i Davis, involves subjecting two solid chem compds, at least one of which is a nitrated org compd (such as a mixt of TNT, An and (other compds), to a temperature at which at least a portion of one of the compds is in molten condition. To this molten mass is added a dispersing agent (such as a Na alkyl naphthalene sulfonate or other suitable org sulfonate or fatty acid soap) and then, after thorough blending, the mass is cooled and solidified. Several examples with details are given... 

Soapstock contains fatty acid soaps and, for oil that is caustically refined, ory-zanol (5-10%). The soaps may be acidulated for feed use and the oryzanol isolated (16). Diethyl ether, alumina chromatography, and crystallization are used for purification of the oryzanol. 

Glycerine is a byproduct that usually remains with the hnal product. The typical composition of the product consists of 80-85% alkanolamide, 5-7% or less free amine, and traces of fatty acid soap and other byproducts. 

Both animal and vegetable oils are used in the manufacture of soap and candles. When fats and oils —such as tallow, palm oil, olive oil—-.are boiled in large east iron pans with caustic alkali, they become decomposed and yield an alkaline salt of the fatty acid—soap and glycerine. The excess of alkali and the glycerine are separated by the addition of a solution of common salt the soap, being insoluble in the brine, rises to the top, and is ladled out as a granular curdy mass, run off into frames—boxes—to cool and solidify. Hard soaps, shell as curd and yellow soap, are compounds... 

Those fata taken in with the food are unaltered by the digestive fluids, except in that they are freed from tiieir enclosing membranes in the stoniAcb, until they reach the duodenum here, under the influence of the pancreatic juice, the major port is converted into a fine emulsion, in which form it is absorbed by the ueteals. A smaller portion ia saponified, and the products of the saponification, free fatty acids, soaps, and glycerin. Sub uentiy absorbed ig lacteals and blood-vessels. 

Fatty acids, soaps and fatty acid methyl esters are the most extensively used oleochemicals [13]. The free fatty acids are prepared by hydrolysis of oils and fats by alkalis. This procedure named saponification proceeds at high temperature and pressure and leads to crude soaps the acidification of which gives fatty acids. They are subjected to various purification procedures, and finally isolated individually or as mixtures of carboxylic acids of the general formula RCOOH or as soaps RCOOM. The carboxylic acid methyl esters can be produced in two ways by esterification of the isolated carboxylic acid with methanol or by low-temperature... 

Other Chemical Methods These methods rely chiefly on destroying the foam stabilizer or neutralizing its effect through methods other than displacement and are applicable when the process will permit changing the chemical environment. Forms stabilized with alkali esters can be broken by acidification since the equivalent free acids do not stabilize foam. Foams containing sulfated and sulfonated ionic detergents can be broken with the addition of fatty-acid soaps and calcium salts. Several theories have been proposed. One su ests that the surfactant is tied up in the foam as double calcium salts of both the sulfonate and the soap. Another suggests that calcium soaps oriented in the film render it inelastic. 

Typical enulsifiers used in emulsion polymerization of VC are anirmic emulsifiers like sodium alkyl sulfonates, sodium diaUcyl sulfosucdnates, fatty acid soaps and sodium ethoxy sulfates. Neutral emulsifiers like alltyl phenol ethoxylates and fatty acid ethoxylates are often added during after polymerization in Oder b> increase latex stability. The emulsifiers are not only chosen for control of the particle formation and latex stability during polymerization, but for a number of other reasons like mechanical stability, reactor wall build-up, plastisol formation, heat and colour stability and water resistance of the final product [1]. 

Shinoda, K., The Effect of Alcohols on the Critical Micelle Concentrations of Fatty Acid Soaps and the Critical Micelle Concentrations of Soap Mixtures, J. Phys. Chem. 58 ... 

Fatty Acids, Soaps, and Fatty Acid-Soap Mixtures... 

No studies have been carried out on mixtures of medium-chain fatty acid, soap, and monoglyceride. 

Irritant dermatitides are also common among rubber workers (Varigos and Dunt 1981 Kilpikari 1982 White 1988). The most common irritants are the alkalis, solvents, activators (stearic acid and other fatty acids), soaps and the various dusting/dipping/washing materials (calcium carbonate, calcium stearate, etc.) encountered in the workplace (Fig. 3). Mechanical friction is another important source of irritation. In a study of 1000 workers in an Australian tire factory, Varigos and Dunt (1981) identified 37 workers (3.7%) with dermatitis, of whom 34% had irritant dermatitis. 

Resin Recovery Process. Typically, the polymer is recovered by the addition of coagulants which destabilize the ABS latex. Different coagulants are used depending on the surfactant. Thus, strong and weak acids work well with fatty acid soaps, and metal salts are used with acid stable soaps (106). The use of nonionic coagulants has also been reported (107,108). Acrylic latices have been... 

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