Fatty acids ricinoleic

The important but unusual fatty acid ricinoleic acid, or 12-hydroxyoleic acid, is a major component of castor oil (>87%) and is also found in useful quantities in ergot. The metal salts of the acid find use in dry-cleaning soaps but the majority is converted to aminoundecanoic acid (Scheme 6.6) which is used to make nylon 11. Nylon 11 has very good chemical and shock-resistance properties, which have led to it being used in the automotive industry. Ricinoleic triglyceride is initially transesterified to the methyl ester. This is heated to 300 °C at which temperature it is... 

There is a seemingly endless variety of fatty acids, but only a few of them predominate in any single organism. Most fatty acid chains contain an even number of carbon atoms. In higher plants the C16 palmitic acid and the C18 unsaturated oleic and linoleic acids predominate. The C18 saturated stearic acid is almost absent from plants and C20 to C24 acids are rarely present except in the outer cuticle of leaves. Certain plants contain unusual fatty acids which may be characteristic of a taxonomic group. For example, the Compositae (daisy family) contain acetylenic fatty acids and the castor bean contains the hydroxy fatty acid ricinoleic acid. 

This consists mainly of the triglyceride of an unsaturated fatty acid, ricinoleic acid. The neutral fat is not active but becomes so when it is saponified in the intestine. The cathartic effect is due mainly to motor stimulation of the small intestine. The intestinal secretion is not increased, the fluid character of the stools being due to the quicker passage of the feces. 

The hydroxy fatty acid, ricinoleic acid (Cl8 1 (OH)) can account for up to 90% of castor bean oil composition. It is mainly used as an industrial oil in paints and varnishes. It is also used as a plasticiser in soaps, waxes, polishes and... 

CASTOR OIL, Ricini oleum This is the fixed oil pressed from the ripe seeds of Rici-nus communis L., family Euphorbiaceae. This oil contains 75-80% of triglycerides of the fatty acid ricinoleic acid (12-hydro-9,10-cis-octadecenoic acid). Intestinal lipases can release this acid which has local stimulating effects on motility similar to that of the anthranoids. 

The use of castor oil in lubricants is particularly important, both historically and currently. Castor oil is a triglyceride with a very high, 90%, content of the fatty acid, ricinoleic acid, an unusual fatty acid, containing one double bond and a hydroxyl group, as in Fig. 6.10. 

Castor bean is a rarity amongst the oilseed crops. Firstly, the bean has an abnormally high oil content of 40-60%. Secondly, the chemical composition of the castor oil is highly defined and concentrated on a single fatty acid. Between 85 and 90% of the castor oil is the C18 fatty acid ricinoleic acid found in the form of a triglyceride ester, hence the binomial nomenclature (Latin name), Rizinus cumminus. 

Butyl ricinoleate n. Yellow to colorless oleaginous liquid derived from castor oil fatty acid (ricinoleic acid) and butyl alcohol. Used as a plasticizer or lubricant See image). 

A novel approach to identifying the presence of ergot alkaloid has been to quantify the fatty acid ricinoleic acid, (R)-12-hydroxy-(Z)-9-octadecenoic acid [32]. The acid is not usually found in grain but is a major component of the lipid portion of Claviceps. The lipid extracted from sclerotia can be analyzed for the ricinoleic acid by GC with flame ionization detection after transesterification and derivatization of the hydroxy group by silylation. There is no correlation between the content of ricinoleic acid and the ergot alkaloids and so quantitative levels of ergot alkaloids cannot be provided by this method. 

Azima tetracantha is a flowering shrub that grows in India with a seed oil content of 12% (Daulatabad et al., 1991). Major fatty acids are linoleic (28.8%), linolenic acid (22%) and oleic acid (15.3%), with smaller amounts of palmitic (5.2%), myristic (4.2%), lauric (3.5%) and stearic (1.6%). This seed contains three unusual fatty acids ricinoleic (9.8%), malvalic (4.0%) and sterculic (5.6%). 

In a survey of the literature, the present author could only identify some 64 species from all orders and families of moulds that had been recorded as producing over 25% lipid although there were many more that had between 20 and 25% lipid and thus may be potentially oleaginous (Ratledge, 1989b). A selection of some of these moulds, taken from the main divisions of the moulds, is given in Table 9.7. It should be pointed out that C12 and C14 fatty acids are known to be produced in some abundance by some species of Entomophthora, and that the hydroxy fatty acid, ricinoleic acid, 12-hydroxyoleic acid, is produced by... 

Hydroxy Fatty Acids. Ricinoleic acid is the best known of the straight-chain hydroxy fatty acids. Its structure is 12-OH, 18 1 (9). It is an optically active acid with a D(-i-)-configuration ... 

Castor oil is the natural extract resulting from the pressing of ricinus seeds. It is a mixture of a triglyceride of fatty acids (ricinoleic 87.5%, oleic 5%, linoleic 4%, palmitic 1.5%, linolenic 0.5%, stearic 0.5%, dihydroxystearic 0.5% and arachidic 0.5%). 

Castor oil Consists of 95% unsaturated fatty acids. Ricinoleic acid comprises over 84% while other fatty acids present were linoleic (7.3%), oleic (5.5%), palmitic (1.3%), stearic (1.2%) and linolenic (0.5%) Seeds of Ricinus communis [80, 81]... 

This chapter focuses on the preparation of thermosets, polyesters, and other polymers from industrial oilseeds. Nature has provided a few examples of plant oils that possess multiple functional groups needed for polymer synthesis, such as castor (Ricinus communis), lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri), and vemonia (Vernonia galamensis) oils, enriched in —OH and epoxide-functionalized fatty acids ricinoleic, lesquerolic, and vemolic acid, respectively (Table 3.1). Many common plant seed oils (eg, soybean, cottonseed, com, soybean, safQower, sunflower, canola, jatropha, and olive oils) are enriched in Ci6—Cig saturated and mono- and diunsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitic (16 0), oleic (18 l-9c), and linoleic (18 2-9c,12c) acids and lesser amounts of a-linolenic acid (18 3-9c,12c,15c) however, linseed (flaxseed), camelina (Camelina saliva). 

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